"Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to 'carry forward'."
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions from premises. It is a central concept in logic, and is used in mathematics, philosophy, and computer science.
Propositional Logic: It is the study of propositions and their logical relationships, typically represented using symbols such as "and," "or," and "not".
Predicate Logic: It extends propositional logic by allowing the use of variables and quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists".
Deductive reasoning: It involves logically deriving conclusions from given premises using valid argument forms.
Inductive reasoning: It involves drawing generalizations from observations or patterns, often used in scientific research.
Bayes Theorem: It is a mathematical formula that calculates conditional probabilities and is commonly used in statistical inference.
Probabilistic reasoning: It involves reasoning about uncertain events using probabilities.
Fallacies: It refers to errors in reasoning that prevent valid conclusions from being reached.
Formal proofs: It involves using logical deductions to systematically demonstrate the truth of a claim.
Semantics: It examines the meaning of terms and propositions within logic.
Analogical reasoning: It involves drawing conclusions based on similarities between related objects or concepts.
Modal Logic: It is the study of modalities like necessity, possibility, and contingency.
Non-classical logics: It refers to logics that do not follow the traditional restrictions of classical logic, such as fuzzy logic and paraconsistent logic.
Indeterminacy and vagueness: It deals with situations where there is no clear truth value for a proposition or where concepts are not well-defined.
Reasoning in artificial intelligence: It involves the development of automated systems that can reason and make logical deductions.
Game theory: It is the study of strategic interactions between agents in decision-making scenarios.
Computational complexity theory: It analyzes the computational resources required to solve logical problems.
Argumentation theory: It is the study of how arguments can be evaluated and used to persuade others.
Deductive Inference: Involves drawing conclusions by reasoning from known premises or facts.
Inductive Inference: Involves drawing generalizations from specific observations or examples.
Abductive Inference: Involves making an educated guess or hypothesis to explain observations or data.
Counterfactual Inference: Involves reasoning about what might have happened had certain conditions or events been different.
Modal Inference: Involves reasoning about necessity, possibility, or impossibility of a proposition.
Causal Inference: Involves reasoning about cause and effect relationships between events or phenomena.
Analogical Inference: Involves reasoning by analogy, i.e., drawing similarities between different things or situations.
Statistical Inference: Involves using statistical methods to make generalizations about a population based on a sample of data.
Fuzzy Inference: Involves reasoning in situations that are uncertain or vague, by using fuzzy logic or probability theory.
Presumptive Inference: Involves making assumptions or presumptions about a situation in the absence of complete or conclusive evidence.
"Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction."
"A distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE)."
"Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic."
"Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion."
"Notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction."
"Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the fields of logic, argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology."
"Artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference."
"Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty."
"This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case."
"Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations."
"The word infer means to 'carry forward'."
"Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true."
"The laws of valid inference being studied in logic."
"Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion."
"A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction."
"Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the fields of logic, argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology."
"Automated inference systems to emulate human inference."
"Mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty."
"Quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations."