"Relativism is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that valuations in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed."
A consideration of the idea that morality is relative rather than absolute.
Moral relativism: The belief that moral judgments are relative to culture or society, rather than absolute or universal.
Cultural relativism: The belief that cultural practices and beliefs should be understood and evaluated within the context of their own culture, rather than by external standards.
Subjective relativism: The belief that all moral judgments are ultimately based on personal preferences or feelings.
Objective relativism: The belief that moral judgments are rooted in a particular culture or society, but can still be objectively evaluated within that framework.
Ethical pluralism: The idea that there are multiple valid moral perspectives, and that no one perspective can be considered superior to all others.
Moral skepticism: The belief that moral truth is uncertain or unknowable.
Individual relativism: The belief that each person has their own set of moral values that may differ from others.
Normative relativism: The belief that moral norms and values are dependent on the context and cultural norms in which they exist.
Universalism: The idea that certain moral principles are applicable to all individuals and cultures, regardless of context.
Moral absolutism: The belief that there are objective, universally true moral principles that apply to all individuals and cultures.
Moral objectivism: The belief that moral facts exist independently of individual or cultural beliefs.
Meta-ethical relativism: The concept that moral and ethical theories, as well as moral judgments, are relative to the individual, cultural or historical context from which they arise.
Moral realism: Is the view that moral values and facts exist independently of human societies, or as part of the structure of reality itself.
Cultural Relativism: This argues that morality is relative to culture, so what is moral in one society may not be moral in another society. It is a descriptive ethical theory that sees moral thought, judgment, and action as relative to culture.
Historical Relativism: This argues that moral truth varies across different historical eras or time periods. Historical relativism sees moral knowledge as relative, subjective, and contingent upon time and place.
Moral Subjectivism: This argues that morality is relative to individuals or groups of individuals, and there is no objective moral truth. Moral subjectivism holds that moral judgments and knowledge are fundamentally subjective, based on the personal beliefs, feelings, and attitudes of the individual.
Meta-Ethical Relativism: This argues that morality is relative to language, culture, and society. This view holds that there are no objective moral truths, but rather that all moral judgments are determined by particular cultural and linguistic conventions.
Epistemic Relativism: This argues that knowledge claims are relative to the society, time, or individual who makes them. This view holds that there is no objective truth, and that what we consider to be knowledge is relative to our cultural and societal context.
Feminist Relativism: This argues that moral knowledge is not neutral, but is instead shaped by gender, power, and social position. Feminist relativism critiques traditional moral theories for being biased against women and ignoring issues of sexism, racism, and other forms of oppression.
Constructivist Relativism: This argues that morality is a social construction that is created by individuals and societies. This theory sees moral norms and values as the product of social processes, and not as objective truths that exist independently of human beings.
Descriptive Relativism: This argues that moral diversity exists within and between societies, and that moral judgments vary from culture to culture. Descriptive relativism aims to describe and explain the diversity of moral beliefs and practices that exists within and between societies, without making any normative claims about which moral beliefs are correct or best.
Contextual Relativism: This argues that moral judgments are contextual and depend on the specific circumstances and situations in which they are made. This view holds that there are no absolute moral rules or principles, and that moral judgments should be made on a case-by-case basis depending on the context and situation.
Pragmatic Relativism: This argues that moral judgments are relative to the goals and purposes of a particular project or activity. Pragmatic relativism holds that different moral norms and values may be appropriate in different contexts, depending on the goals and purposes of the activity in question.
"There are many different forms of relativism, with a great deal of variation in scope and differing degrees of controversy among them."
"Moral relativism encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures."
"Epistemic relativism holds that there are no absolute principles regarding normative belief, justification, or rationality, and that there are only relative ones."
"Alethic relativism (also factual relativism) is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism)."
"Descriptive relativism seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation."
"Normative relativism evaluates the word truthfulness of views within a given framework."
"Relativism is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain..."
"Valuations in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed."
"Moral relativism encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures."
"Epistemic relativism holds that there are no absolute principles regarding normative belief, justification, or rationality..."
"Alethic relativism (also factual relativism) is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths..."
"...truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism)."
"Descriptive relativism seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation."
"Normative relativism evaluates the word truthfulness of views within a given framework."
"Some forms of relativism also bear a resemblance to philosophical skepticism."
"Epistemic relativism holds that there are no absolute principles..."
"Descriptive relativism seeks to describe the differences among cultures and people without evaluation."
"Normative relativism evaluates the word truthfulness of views within a given framework."
"Alethic relativism (also factual relativism) is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths..."