Metaethics

Moral Realism: The view that moral claims can be objectively true or false, regardless of individual beliefs or cultural practices.

Moral Skepticism: The view that moral claims cannot be known or validated as true or false, due to inherent limitations in human knowledge or language.

Ethical Relativism: The view that moral claims are only true or false relative to a particular culture or community, and cannot be universalized.

Moral Subjectivism: The view that moral claims are true or false according to individual preferences or feelings, and do not have any objective basis.

Naturalism: The view that moral facts can be derived from natural phenomena, such as emotions, evolutionary biology, or social dynamics.

Non-naturalism: The view that moral facts cannot be reduced to natural phenomena, and must be explained by some other kind of ontology, such as God or reason.

Moral Motivation: The psychological and motivational factors that influence moral decision-making and behavior, including emotions, social norms, and cognitive processes.

Moral Responsibility: The question of who or what is responsible for moral actions, and how blame or punishment should be assigned in cases of wrongdoing.

Ethics and Metaethics: The relationship between ethical theories and the metaphysical assumptions underlying them, such as the nature of language, knowledge, and reality.

Metaethical Methedology: The various methods and approaches used to investigate metaethical questions, including conceptual analysis, linguistic inquiry, and empirical research.

Moral Realism: The view that moral facts exist independently of human opinion or belief, and are objective and universal.

Moral Anti-Realism: The opposite of moral realism, and includes views like moral subjectivism, where moral statements express the speaker's personal beliefs or attitudes, and moral relativism, where moral judgments only make sense within a cultural or historical context.

Moral Naturalism: The position that moral claims can be grounded in natural facts, such as evolutionary biology or neurology.

Moral Non-Naturalism: The opposite of moral naturalism, and holds that moral facts cannot be reduced to natural or empirical facts.

Moral Intuitionism: The claim that moral knowledge is accessible through intuition or instinct, rather than through argument or empirical evidence.

Emotivism: The belief that moral statements express the speaker's emotional attitudes, and do not aim to describe objective facts.

Prescriptivism: A theory that moral statements are prescriptive rather than descriptive, and are meant to guide behavior rather than describe it.

Universal Prescriptivism: A form of prescriptivism that suggests moral statements contain universal prescriptions for all human beings.

Error Theory: The view that moral claims are systematically mistaken and cannot be true or false.

Constructivism: The position that moral truths emerge from social or linguistic conventions or practices.

Contractarianism: A social contract theory that suggests moral judgments arise from agreements among free and rational agents.

Virtue Ethics: An ethical theory that emphasizes the cultivation of virtuous character traits, such as courage, compassion, and honesty.

Care Ethics: A feminist ethics that emphasizes the importance of caring relationships and the needs of vulnerable individuals.

Consequentialism: An ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences, and seeks to maximize overall well-being or utility.

Deontological Ethics: An ethical theory that emphasizes moral duty or obligation, and evaluates actions based on their adherence to universal moral rules or principles.