This topic covers the different techniques used for the clinical examination of the eye, including refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundoscopy.
Introduction to ophthalmology: This introduces the basic concepts of ophthalmology, including the anatomy of the eye, the visual system, and ocular pathology.
History-taking in ophthalmology: This covers the patient interview skills used to obtain a comprehensive ophthalmic history, including patient symptoms, past medical history, and family history.
Physical examination in ophthalmology: This includes the proper technique for examining the eyes, including visual acuity testing, pupillary examination, extraocular muscle movements, and fundus examination.
Refraction and visual assessment: This encompasses refractive error assessment, measurement of visual acuity, and evaluation of color vision.
Anterior segment examination: This covers examination techniques for assessing the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, and lens.
Ocular motility and strabismus: This includes the evaluation of eye movements and alignment, and diagnosing and managing strabismus.
Posterior segment examination: This encompasses examination techniques for assessing the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve.
Diagnostic testing in ophthalmology: This covers the various diagnostic imaging and laboratory tests used in ophthalmology, including ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and visual field testing.
Ophthalmic emergencies and urgent conditions: This includes the diagnosis and management of acute eye conditions, such as eye trauma, corneal ulceration, and acute glaucoma.
Ocular pharmacology: This involves the use of topical and systemic medications in ophthalmology, including antibiotics, topical steroids, and glaucoma medications.
Ophthalmic surgery: This includes the various surgical techniques used in ophthalmology, including cataract surgery, corneal transplant, and retinal surgery.
Neuro-ophthalmology: This covers the evaluation and management of visual disorders related to the central nervous system, including optic neuritis, papilledema, and stroke-related visual changes.
Pediatric ophthalmology: This covers the diagnosis and management of eye problems in children, including amblyopia, strabismus, and congenital eye conditions.
Geriatric ophthalmology: This includes the diagnosis and management of eye conditions in older adults, including cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma.
Ophthalmic oncology: This involves the evaluation and management of ocular tumors, including melanoma and retinoblastoma.
Visual acuity testing: A test to measure how well a patient can see at a distance using a Snellen chart.
Refraction testing: A test to determine the correct prescription lenses needed for the patient's vision.
Slit-lamp examination: An examination that uses a microscope with a thin beam of light to examine the front of the eye, eyelids, and tear ducts.
Pupil examination: A test to examine the size and function of the pupils.
Tonometry: A test to measure the pressure inside the eye.
Dilation examination: A test to dilate the pupils and examine the inside of the eye, including the retina, optic nerve, and blood vessels.
Visual field testing: A test to measure the patient's peripheral vision.
Color vision testing: A test to measure a patient's ability to distinguish colors.
Fundus photography: An imaging test that takes photographs of the inside of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.
Electroretinography: A test to measure the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation.
Optical coherence tomography: An imaging test that uses light waves to create a high-resolution image of the retina.
Fluorescein angiography: An imaging test that uses a dye and special camera to take pictures of the blood vessels in the retina to diagnose conditions such as diabetic retinopathy.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy: An imaging test that uses sound waves to create images of the internal structures of the eye.
Gonioscopy: An examination that uses a special microscope to examine the angle where the iris meets the cornea to diagnose and manage glaucoma.