- "Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms." - "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
Study of genes and heredity, including the structure and function of DNA.
DNA Structure: The detailed structure of DNA and its function in carrying genetic information.
Gene expression: The process by which genes are expressed to produce proteins, and the regulation of this process.
Mendelian Genetics: The fundamental principles of inheritance as described by Gregor Mendel, including dominant and recessive traits.
Chromosomal abnormalities: The genetic disorders that arise from defects in chromosome number or structure.
Molecular Genetics: The study of the molecular mechanisms that control gene expression and DNA replication.
Epigenetics: The study of the chemical modifications of DNA and its associated proteins (histones) that affect gene expression.
Human Genome Project: The mapping and sequencing of the human genome, along with its implications for medical research.
Genetic testing: The different methods used to diagnose genetic disorders and the ethical implications of genetic testing.
Gene therapy: The use of genetic engineering to treat or prevent genetic diseases, along with its potential benefits and risks.
Pharmacogenetics: The study of how genetic variation affects individual responses to drugs, and the potential for personalized medicine.
Genetic counseling: The process of informing individuals or families about the risk of inherited genetic disorders and the available options.
Population Genetics: The study of genetic variation and evolution in a population, including the effects of natural selection and genetic drift.
Cancer Genetics: The genetic basis of cancer, including the discovery of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and the role of genetic testing in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Neurogenetics: The genetic basis of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neuro-generative diseases.
Immunogenetics: The study of genetic factors that influence the immune response, including antigen presentation and immunodeficiencies.
Classical Genetics: It involves the study of inheritance patterns in organisms and their genes. It includes the concepts of genotype and phenotype.
Molecular Genetics: It is the study of genetic material at its molecular level, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. It is concerned with gene expression, gene regulation, and genetic engineering.
Population Genetics: It examines the distribution of genetic variation in populations and how factors such as mutation rates, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection can impact the variation.
Medical Genetics: This field involves the study of genetic disorders and their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Medical genetics includes clinical genetics, which diagnoses and manages genetic disorders in patients, and genetic counseling, which provides information to individuals and families affected by genetic disorders.
Evolutionary Genetics: It combines the principles of population genetics and evolutionary biology to trace the evolution of genes and their evolution over generations.
Behavioral Genetics: It is the study of the relationship between genetic variation and behavior, including cognitive abilities, personality traits, and mental disorders.
Developmental Genetics: It examines the mechanisms by which genes and their expression influence the development of organisms from a single cell to a complex organism.
Epigenetics: It is the study of heritable changes in gene expression caused by factors other than changes in the DNA sequence, such as chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins.
Quantitative Genetics: It is concerned with the inheritance of traits that are determined by multiple genes and the environment.
Nutritional Genetics: It studies the interactions between genetic makeup and nutritional factors, including identification of gene variants that may predispose individuals to nutrient deficiencies or diet-related illnesses.
- "Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically." - "Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time."
- "Organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete 'units of inheritance'."
- "This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes." - "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including population genetics."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."