"Television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and web sites."
The various government policies and incentives that support the media industry and their impact.
Definitions and concepts: This includes getting a clear understanding of what subsidies and tax credits are, their difference, and how they work.
Types of subsidies: There are different types of subsidies, such as direct subsidies, indirect subsidies, and trade subsidies. Understanding the different types and their characteristics is important.
Objectives of subsidies: Subsidies are often given to achieve certain objectives such as supporting local industries, boosting exports, and stimulating investment. Understanding these objectives helps to appreciate the rationale behind the subsidy or tax credit.
Advantages and disadvantages: There are advantages and disadvantages to granting subsidies and tax credits. Understanding these helps determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs.
The impact of subsidies and tax credits on the economy: Subsidies and tax credits have a significant impact on the economy, and it is important to understand how they affect economic growth, employment, and income distribution.
The impact on the media industry: Subsidies and tax credits can have a significant impact on the media industry. Understanding the impact of these instruments on the industry is crucial for media firms and policymakers.
The politics of subsidies and tax credits: The politics surrounding subsidies and tax credits can be complex. Understanding the political pressures and forces that shape these policies is important for media firms and policymakers.
Case studies: There are many case studies of subsidies and tax credits in the media industry. Learning from these cases can help understand the effects of these policies on the industry.
Criticisms of subsidies and tax credits: There are criticisms of subsidies and tax credits, and these need to be understood to form a balanced perspective.
Evaluating subsidies and tax credits: Lastly, evaluating subsidies and tax credits is important to determine their effectiveness in achieving their objectives. There are different methods of evaluating subsidies and tax credits, and understanding them is essential for policymakers and media firms.
Direct subsidies: This refers to direct financial support provided by the government to a media entity. It can be in the form of grants or loans.
Indirect subsidies: This refers to benefits provided to a media entity through tax breaks, reduced fees, or regulatory relief.
Advertising subsidies: This refers to the government providing financial support to a media entity in the form of paid advertisements.
Content subsidies: This refers to the government providing financial support for the production and distribution of media content, such as film or television.
Public funding: This refers to funding provided to public service broadcasters (PSBs), which have a social responsibility to provide informative content to the public.
Structural Subsidies: This refers to subsidies provided to media businesses to support their infrastructure and facilities.
Investment tax credits: This refers to tax credits provided to businesses for investing in new equipment or technology.
Employment tax credits: This refers to tax credits provided to businesses that hire and retain workers in certain areas, such as a designated media zone.
Production tax credits: This refers to tax credits provided to media entities to encourage and support film, television, and video production in a particular area.
Research and development tax credits: This refers to tax credits provided to media entities for conducting research and development projects that lead to innovation, new products, or technologies.
International tax credits: This refers to tax credits given to media ventures that generate income and pay taxes in more than one country.
Energy tax credits: This refers to tax credits provided to encourage energy-efficient practices in media businesses.
"New York City, Manhattan in particular, and to a lesser extent Los Angeles."
"Large for-profit corporations."
"From advertising, subscriptions, and sale of copyrighted material."
"Leading global players, generating large revenues as well as large opposition in many parts of the world."
"Further deregulation and convergence leading to mega-mergers, further concentration of media ownership, and the emergence of multinational media conglomerates."
"Opposition to tighter control of information, decline in localism, media spending, coverage of news, ownership diversity, and views."
"According to Reporters Without Borders, the United States was ranked 46th out of 180 countries in terms of press freedom."
"A 2022 Gallup poll showed that only 11% of Americans trust television news."
"The same Gallup poll indicated that only 16% of Americans trust newspapers."
"Alberto Avendaño claimed that Hispanic-American news coverage in the English-language media is 'absolutely pathetic.'"
"Demographic shifts will render Latino media a significant presence in the context of American media."
"According to a May 2023 AP-NORC poll, 74% of respondents said the media is to blame for increased political polarization in the United States." Note: Quotes have been paraphrased for brevity and clarity.