The legal mechanisms used to resolve trade conflicts that arise from disagreements between countries, trading blocks or businesses.
International Trade Law: This topic covers the legal framework that governs the relations between countries engaged in international trade, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international trade agreements.
Dispute Resolution: This topic includes various methods of resolving disputes, including litigation, arbitration, mediation, and negotiation.
International Arbitration: This topic covers the process of resolving disputes between parties in different countries through binding arbitration, which is typically conducted under the rules of an international arbitration institution such as the International Chamber of Commerce.
Mediation: This topic covers the process of resolving disputes through the intervention of a neutral third party, who helps the parties reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
Contract Law: This topic covers the legal principles that govern the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts, which are the cornerstone of many international trade transactions.
International Commercial Law: This topic covers the legal framework that governs the relations between businesses engaged in international trade, including the rules governing cross-border transactions, contracts, and intellectual property.
International Intellectual Property Law: This topic covers the legal principles that protect intellectual property rights on an international level, including trademarks, copyrights, and patents.
International Investment Law: This topic covers the legal framework that governs the relations between investors and countries, including the protection of foreign investment and the resolution of investment disputes.
International Trade Remedies: This topic covers the various measures that countries use to remedy unfair trade practices, such as antidumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguards.
International Taxation Law: This topic covers the legal framework that governs the taxation of international trade, including the rules governing cross-border transactions, transfer pricing, and taxation of foreign income.
Negotiation: This involves discussing the dispute between parties to arrive at a mutually acceptable resolution without involving a third party.
Mediation: In this process, a neutral third party tries to assist the disputants in reaching a settlement through informal discussions and negotiations.
Conciliation: A more formal process than mediation, conciliation involves a neutral third party who acts as a facilitator between the disputing parties, and works to guide them towards an agreement.
Arbitration: A legally binding process, arbitration involves a third party who makes a binding decision on the disputed issue, based on evidence and argument presented by both parties.
Adjudication: This involves a judicial proceeding where a court or tribunal makes a legally enforceable decision on the disputed matter.
Dispute review boards: This is a multi-step process which involves a panel of neutral experts who initially review the dispute and make recommendations to the parties, and then decide the final resolution when the parties fail to reach an agreement.
Expert determination: This is a process where a third party expert in a particular field is asked to make a decision on a specific technical issue in the dispute.
Hybrid processes: These are processes that combine multiple forms of dispute resolution, such as arbitration followed by mediation or conciliation.
Online dispute resolution: This process involves resolving disputes through online platforms, which includes communication tools and an impartial mediator.