Quote: "Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text."
Understanding how to translate the dead language into another language and vice versa.
History of the Language: This encompasses the origin, development, and death of the language being studied. Understanding the language's history can provide insight into its structure, vocabulary, and culture.
Linguistics: The scientific study of language and its structure. It covers the core aspects of language such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Textual Criticism: The study of the physical and historical context of the text. This includes analyzing the manuscripts, their provenance, authorship, and dates.
Comparative Linguistics: This examines the similarities and differences between two or more languages. It can help in understanding the origin of words, structures, and concepts.
Translation Theory: The study of the principles, methods, and techniques of translation. It covers aspects such as equivalence, register, cultural adaptation, and interpretation.
Stylistics: The study of the linguistic and literary features of a text. Stylistics help translators to convey the stylistic nuances of the source text in the target language.
Computer-Assisted Translation: The use of software tools to support the translation process. It includes tools such as translation memory, machine translation, and terminology management.
Editing and Proofreading: The process of reviewing and improving the translation to ensure accuracy, clarity, and coherence.
Terminology Management: The process of creating and managing a standardized set of terms for a particular subject area. This helps ensure consistency and accuracy in translations.
Ethics and Professionalism in Translation: The study of the ethical and professional norms and standards that guide the translation industry. It includes topics such as confidentiality, client-relationships, and codes of conduct.
Literal Translation: This type of translation involves translating each word or phrase from the source language to the target language, without regards to the context or grammar.
Idiomatic Translation: This type of translation takes into account the idiomatic expressions commonly used in a language and translates them as such to the target language, while maintaining their intended meaning.
Free Translation: This type of translation allows the translator to interpret the text and convey the message in their own words, without necessarily adhering to the original syntax and word choices.
Dynamic Equivalent Translation: This type of translation seeks to convey the meaning and intent of the text to the target audience, rather than a word-for-word translation.
Adaptation Translation: This type of translation involves adapting the text to the cultural and linguistic norms of the target audience, while still retaining the original meaning and intent.
Reverse Translation: This type of translation involves translating the target language back to the source language, to ensure that the original meaning has been maintained.
Localization Translation: This type of translation involves adapting a text to meet the language and cultural standards of a specific geographical location or market.
Technical Translation: This type of translation involves translating highly specialized technical documents, such as scientific reports, legal contracts, or medical texts.
Literary Translation: This type of translation involves translating literary works, such as novels, poetry, or drama, while maintaining the author's style and narrative voice.
Subtitling and Dubbing Translation: These types of translation involve translating movies and television shows, either through subtitles or voice-over, to make them accessible to a wider audience.
Machine Translation: This type of translation uses computer software to translate text from one language to another, often with some degree of error due to the complexity of language and context.
Sight Translation: This type of translation involves reading a text aloud in the source language and immediately translating it orally into the target language, often used in legal or medical contexts.
Quote: "The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)."
Quote: "which does not exist in every language"
Quote: "translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "such 'spill-overs' have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages."
Quote: "Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "such 'spill-overs' have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."
Quote: "interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)"
Quote: "The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."