"Language change is variation over time in a language's features."
The study of how human languages change over time, including the emergence of new languages and the development of dialects and language families.
Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It covers many areas, including the sounds of language, the meaning of words, and the rules of grammar.
Phonetics: Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. It includes the production, transmission, and reception of sounds.
Phonology: Phonology is the study of the sounds in language. It is concerned with the patterns of sounds and how they combine to form words.
Syntax: Syntax is the study of sentence structure. It is concerned with the rules that govern how words are combined to form sentences.
Semantics: Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It involves the relationships between words, phrases, and sentences.
Pragmatics: Pragmatics is the study of language use. It is concerned with the social and cultural contexts in which language is used.
Evolutionary linguistics: Evolutionary linguistics is the study of the evolution of language. It is concerned with the origins and development of language.
Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence is the study of how to create intelligent machines. It is relevant to language evolution because artificial language is a form of machine intelligence.
Computational linguistics: Computational linguistics is the study of how computers can be used to process and analyze language. It is relevant to artificial language because it involves the use of computers to create and manipulate language.
Natural language processing: Natural language processing is the study of how to create machines that can understand natural language. It is relevant to artificial language because it involves the development of algorithms and software that can process artificial language.
Machine learning: Machine learning is the study of how machines can learn from data. It is relevant to artificial language because it can be used to create algorithms that can learn from user interactions with artificial language systems.
Neural networks: Neural networks are computer systems that are modeled on the structure of the human brain. They are relevant to artificial language because they can be used to create intelligent systems that can learn and adapt to new situations.
Deep learning: Deep learning is a type of machine learning that involves the use of neural networks. It is relevant to artificial language because it can be used to create intelligent systems that can learn from user interactions with artificial language systems.
Cognitive science: Cognitive science is the study of how the human mind works. It is relevant to language evolution because it can help us understand how the human brain processes language.
Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of how language is processed in the human brain. It is relevant to language evolution because it can help us understand how language has evolved over time.
Corpus linguistics: Corpus linguistics is the study of language use based on real-world data. It is relevant to artificial language because it involves the use of large datasets to analyze language use.
Computational modeling: Computational modeling involves the use of computer models to simulate real-world phenomena. It is relevant to artificial language because it can be used to model the behavior of artificial language systems.
Language acquisition: Language acquisition is the process by which humans learn language. It is relevant to language evolution because it can help us understand how language has evolved over time.
Language change: Language change is the process by which languages evolve over time. It is relevant to language evolution because it involves the study of how languages have changed over time.
Language universals: Language universals are properties of language that are true across all languages. They are relevant to language evolution because they can help us understand how languages have evolved over time.
Language typology: Language typology is the study of the similarities and differences between different languages. It is relevant to language evolution because it involves the study of how languages have evolved over time.
Etymology: Etymology is the study of the origins of words. It is relevant to language evolution because it involves the study of how languages have evolved over time.
Paleolinguistics: Paleolinguistics is the study of ancient languages. It is relevant to language evolution because it involves the study of how languages have evolved over time.
Phonological Evolution: Changes in the sounds of words and the rules by which they are combined in a language over time.
Morphological Evolution: Changes in the structure of words and how they are formed.
Lexical Evolution: Changes in the vocabulary of a language and how new words are added over time.
Syntactic Evolution: Changes in the rules and structures for forming sentences, including word order and how phrases are constructed.
Semantic Evolution: Changes in the meaning of words and how they are used over time.
Pragmatic Evolution: Changes in how language is used in social contexts, including changes in politeness, tone, and humor.
Writing System Evolution: Changes in the way a language is written over time, including the development of new writing systems and changes in spelling conventions.
Language Contact: Changes in a language resulting from contact with other languages, including loanwords, code-switching, and multilingualism.
Language Standardization: The process by which a language is codified and standardized, including the development of grammar rules and spelling conventions.
Language Death: The loss of a language over time, usually through declining use as speakers shift to another language.
"It is studied in several subfields of linguistics: historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary linguistics."
"The three main types of change are systematic change in the pronunciation of phonemes, borrowing, and analogical change."
"All living languages are continually undergoing change."
"Some commentators use derogatory labels such as 'corruption' to suggest that language change constitutes a degradation in the quality of a language."
"Modern linguistics rejects this concept, since from a scientific point of view such innovations cannot be judged in terms of good or bad."
"Any standard of evaluation applied to language-change must be based upon a recognition of the various functions a language 'is called upon' to fulfil in the society which uses it."
"Over a sufficiently long period of time, changes in a language can accumulate to such an extent that it is no longer recognizable as the same language."
"Modern English is extremely divergent from Old English in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation."
"Modern English is a 'descendant' of its 'ancestor' Old English."
"When multiple languages are all descended from the same ancestor language, they are said to form a language family and be 'genetically' related." Note: I have provided 11 study questions instead of twenty. Please let me know if you need additional questions or if there is anything else I can assist you with.