"Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege."
The study of how race and gender intersect and how this intersection has affected the lives of people, particularly women of color.
Racism and Discrimination: This involves exploring the history, types, and impact of racism and discrimination against different groups.
Race and Ethnicity: This includes an understanding of the definitions, characteristics, and dynamics of race and ethnicity.
Feminism: An exploration of the history and concepts of feminism, including its impact on gender and race relations.
Gender and Sex: Understanding the difference between gender and sex, and how different cultures have defined these concepts.
Cultural identity: Examining how one's race and gender interact with other aspects of cultural identity, such as language, religion, or nationality.
Intersectionality: This includes an understanding of how different forms of identity, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and class, intersect and interact with each other.
Stereotypes and Bias: Analyzing the impact of stereotypes and bias on race and gender relations, and exploring ways to reduce their negative effects.
Social Justice: Understanding the principles and practices of social justice theory and how they can be applied to promote equality and eradicate prejudice.
Media and representation: This includes examining the representation of different racial and gender groups in media and entertainment, and how these images can impact social attitudes.
History: Understanding the historical context of race and gender relations, including key events and movements that have shaped our current understanding of these issues.
White: Typically refers to people of European descent.
Black or African American: Refers to people with African descent.
Asian: Refers to people from Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Hispanic or Latino: Refers to people from Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America.
Native American or Indigenous: Refers to people who are descended from tribes native to North and South America.
Male: Refers to those who identify as male and present themselves in a masculine manner.
Female: Refers to those who identify as female and present themselves in a feminine manner.
Non-binary: Refers to those who identify as neither fully male nor female, or as both male and female, or as neither.
Transgender: Refers to those who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth.
Genderfluid: Refers to those who have a fluctuating gender identity and do not identify as being fixed in one gender.
"Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance."
"These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing."
"Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities."
"The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989."
"Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation."
"In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated."
"Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color."
"Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories."
"Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals."
"As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality."
"An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality."
"The analysis ... provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research."
"An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology."
"In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information."
"In this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) are known together."
"Intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome [...] that can [...] not [be] extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately."
"Critics [argue] the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, [...] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups."