"The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation, and the European Reformation) was a major movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in part posed a challenge to papal authority."
A religious movement that challenged the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to a split in Christianity and the emergence of multiple Protestant denominations.
Martin Luther: A German theologian and reformer who is widely considered to have initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses in 1517.
The Printing Press: A technological advancement that enabled the mass production of written materials, including Luther's writings, which were widely disseminated throughout Europe and contributed to the spread of Protestant ideas.
Indulgences: A controversial practice in the Catholic Church whereby believers could purchase forgiveness for their sins, which was criticized by Luther as being contrary to biblical teachings.
The Diet of Worms: A formal meeting of the Holy Roman Emperor and other political and religious leaders in 1521, at which Luther was ordered to recant his teachings, and famously declared, "Here I stand, I can do no other.".
John Calvin: A French theologian who developed the doctrines of Calvinism, which emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God.
The Council of Trent: A Catholic Council convened in response to the Protestant Reformation, which sought to reaffirm traditional Catholic teachings and practices and address the corruption that had led to the abuses that the reformers had criticized.
Popular Piety: The practices of ordinary believers, including pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and devotions to saints, which were criticized by the reformers as being distractions from the true worship of God.
The English Reformation: A series of political and religious changes that resulted in the establishment of the Church of England as a separate entity from the Catholic Church, led by King Henry VIII and later his daughter Queen Elizabeth I.
The Thirty Years' War: A protracted conflict in Europe in the 17th century that had its roots in the tensions between Catholic and Protestant states, and resulted in the deaths of millions and the devastation of much of Germany.
The Counter-Reformation: The efforts of the Catholic Church to address the criticisms raised by the reformers, including reforms to the clergy, new missionary efforts, and the establishment of new religious orders like the Jesuits.
Lutheranism: This was the first and most significant Protestant Reformation movement. It began in Germany in the early 16th century when Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and demanded reforms, such as the abolition of indulgences and the restoration of the Bible as the sole authority for Christian faith and practice.
Calvinism: This movement emerged in Switzerland in the mid-16th century, led by John Calvin. It emphasized the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the importance of a disciplined and devout Christian life.
Anglicanism: This movement began in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church). Anglicanism retained many Catholic traditions and practices but rejected the authority of the Pope.
Anabaptism: This movement emerged in Switzerland in the 16th century and stressed the importance of personal religious experience and adult baptism. Anabaptists were often persecuted for their beliefs and practices, which included pacifism and the rejection of the authority of secular governments.
Pietism: This movement emerged in Germany in the late 17th century and emphasized the importance of personal piety, spiritual renewal, and religious experience. Pietists focused on individual faith and rejected the rigid dogmatism of the established churches.
Presbyterianism: This movement emerged in Scotland in the 16th century and was influenced by Calvinism. Presbyterianism emphasized the importance of church governance by elders (or presbyters) and rejected the hierarchical structures of the Roman Catholic Church.
Methodism: This movement emerged in England in the 18th century, led by John Wesley. It emphasized personal religious experience and the importance of good works and social justice. Methodism became a widespread evangelical movement in the United States in the 19th century.
"The Reformation marked the start of Protestantism and in the Western Church, the Latin Church, remained the Catholic Church."
"It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe."
"Prior to Martin Luther and the other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity."
"Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517..."
"...he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521."
"The Diet of Worms of May 1521 condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas."
"Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise."
"The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular."
"The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose."
"In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that could involve good works, as in the Catholic view."
"The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation." Note: Since the given paragraph focuses on providing information, it may not contain direct quotes that explicitly answer all study questions.