"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
The use of GPS and GIS in topography.
GPS basics: An overview of how GPS works, what it measures, and how it is used in GIS.
Satellites and satellites orbits: A look at how GPS satellites orbit the Earth and the impact this has on GPS accuracy.
GPS signals and measurements: An overview of the different types of GPS signals and measurements taken to create a GPS position.
GPS coordinate systems: An explanation of the different coordinate systems used in GPS, including WGS 84, which is the most widely used system.
GIS software: Familiarization with GIS software and how it is used to process GPS data.
Topographic maps: Understanding of the key elements of topographic maps, including contour lines, terrain features, and scale.
GIS data: An overview of different types of GIS data such as vector and raster data, metadata, and projections.
GPS data collection techniques: Learn how to use GPS for data collection and how to export this data for use in GIS software.
Digital elevation models: A detailed look at how digital elevation models are created and used in GIS.
GIS analysis techniques: Learn various GIS analysis techniques such as buffering, spatial interpolation, and zoning.
Land surveying: Understanding of how GPS and GIS are used in land surveying, boundary marking, and mapping.
Data integration: The combination and integration of various datasets from different sources to provide more comprehensive insights.
Remote sensing: The use of satellites, aircraft, and other sensors to collect data with the application of GIS.
Geodesy: It is the branch of mathematics and science focused on measurement of the Earth's shape, orientation, gravity, and how these change over time.
Geocoding: The process of identifying and assigning a location to address data.
Handheld GPS: A portable GPS device that can be carried by the user to determine their current location.
Vehicle-mounted GPS: GPS systems installed in vehicles to provide real-time navigation, tracking, and other features.
Marine GPS: Used for water navigation including sea or other water bodies for boating, yachting, etc.
Aviation GPS: GPS systems specially designed for aviation purposes, including navigation, approach, and landing.
Smartphone GPS: A GPS system that is integrated into smartphones and other mobile devices to provide location-based services, including navigation and geolocation.
Environmental GIS: A GIS that deals with environmental data including air quality, water quality, and land use.
Urban GIS: GIS systems that focus on urban areas, including land use, population, transportation, and infrastructure.
Health GIS: GIS used in healthcare and public health data analysis, planning, and decision-making.
Marketing GIS: GIS systems used in marketing to analyze customer data, market trends, and other data.
Agricultural GIS: GIS used for agriculture, including soil analysis, crop mapping, and yield prediction.
Social GIS: GIS that deals with social issues, including crime, poverty, and education.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.