"The geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on the Earth as latitude and longitude."
Introduction to key concepts in physical geography including distance, direction, scale, and coordinates.
Earth's interior: This topic focuses on the study of the earth's internal layer, including the core, mantle, and crust.
Plate tectonics: This is the study of the moving plates that make up the earth's surface.
Weathering and erosion: This topic covers the physical and chemical processes that break down rocks and soil.
Water cycle: This is the study of how water moves around the earth, including evaporation, precipitation, and transpiration.
Geomorphology: This is the study of the earth's landforms, including mountains, valleys, and plateaus.
Biogeography: This topic looks at the study of the distribution of plants and animals around the world.
Climatology: This is the study of climate patterns around the world.
Meteorology: This is the study of atmospheric conditions that affect weather, including temperature, humidity, and precipitation.
Oceanography: This is the study of the ocean, including its currents, tides, and marine life.
Soil Geography: This topic covers the study of soil composition, texture, and structure.
Spatial analysis: This is the application of statistical techniques to geographic data to study how phenomena are distributed around the world.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): This technology helps in capturing, storing, analyzing, and managing geospatial data with the help of computers.
Geographical Techniques: This revolves around the use of different techniques in geography such as field surveys, remotely-sensed data, and so on.
Geographical research methods: This topic provides an overview of research methods used in geography.
Geography of Natural Hazards: This covers the study of extreme weather events, such as floods, earthquakes, and droughts, and how they impact the environment and human lives.
Geography of Resources: This topic focuses on the spatial distribution of natural resources, including energy, water, and minerals.
Population geography: This topic covers the study of how populations are distributed around the world, including factors that influence population growth and migration.
Urban geography: This topic focuses on the study of cities, including their patterns, settlement types, transport connections and population.
Rural geography: This topic revolves around the study of rural areas, including their landscape, settlement, and patterns.
Political Geography: This examines political realities, the political organization of an area in terms of division, allocation, and representation of people and resources.
Landforms: Natural features of the earth's surface such as mountains, plateaus, valleys, and plains.
Geomorphology: The study of the processes that shape the landforms.
Climate: The long-term average of the weather over a certain area, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.
Biomes: Large regions of the earth with similar climate, vegetation, and animal life, such as tropical rainforests or deserts.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interactions with their environment.
Water bodies: Large water features, such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.
Hydrology: The study of water on earth, including its movement, distribution, and quality.
Soils: The top layer of the earth's surface, including its composition, properties, and fertility.
Natural hazards: The potential threats to human civilization from natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
Environmental degradation: The negative effects of human activity on the natural environment, including pollution, deforestation, and habitat loss.
"The geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface."
"It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others."
"A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid)."
"Different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location."
"The measurements are angles."
"Positions are communicated using latitude and longitude."
"The geographic coordinate system forms the basis for most other spatial reference systems."
"The GCS represents positions as latitude and longitude."
"The two components of the geographic coordinate system are latitude and longitude."
"A full GCS specification can be obtained from the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards."
"The geographic coordinate system measures positions on the Earth."
"The geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface."
"The geographic coordinate system directly measures positions as latitude and longitude."
"Latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system."
"The geographic coordinate system forms the basis for most other spatial reference systems."
"The EPSG and ISO 19111 standards provide a full GCS specification."
"Different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location."
"The geographic coordinate system is the oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems."
"A full GCS specification includes a choice of geodetic datum, including an Earth ellipsoid."