"Cartography (...) is the study and practice of making and using maps."
The science of map-making, including the use of symbols and map projections.
Map projections: The method of transforming a spherical representation of the Earth onto a flat surface.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computer systems that capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.
Thematic mapping: The visual representation of spatial data using colors, patterns, symbols, or other graphic elements to show the distribution of a particular phenomenon or theme.
Cartographic principles: The fundamental guidelines and rules that govern the design and production of maps.
Topographic mapping: The representation of the 3-dimensional surface features of the Earth on a 2-dimensional map using contour lines, symbols, and colors.
Map symbols and scales: The graphical representations of specific features, phenomena or objects on a map, and the ratio between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground.
Remote sensing: The process of obtaining information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere using sensors mounted on aircraft and satellites.
Map interpretation and analysis: The process of visually examining and analyzing spatial data in order to extract meaningful patterns and insights.
Historical cartography: The study of the history of cartography and the evolution of maps and mapping techniques over time.
Indigenous and traditional cartography: The study of cartographic traditions and practices of different cultures and communities around the world.
Critical cartography: The exploration of the social, cultural, and political dimensions of maps and mapping practices.
Mapping and visualization software: The use of software tools for the creation, analysis, and dissemination of maps and spatial information.
Thematic Cartography: It involves creating maps to illustrate and explain specific themes, such as the population density, climate, agriculture, etc.
Topographic Cartography: It involves mapping the physical features of the earth, such as mountains, valleys, rivers, and so on.
Geologic Cartography: It involves mapping the geologic features of the earth and its subsurface, including rock formations, mineral deposits, and geological hazards.
Hydrographic Cartography: It involves mapping bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and seas.
Military Cartography: It involves creating maps for use in military operations, such as battle maps and intelligence maps.
Nautical Cartography: It involves creating maps for navigation at sea, including charts, maps, and atlases of the world's oceans, ports, and harbors.
Aviation Cartography: It involves creating maps for use in aviation, including navigation aids, airways, airports, and air traffic control.
Statistical Cartography: It involves creating maps that represent statistical data, such as population demographics, voting patterns and economic activity.
Cartography for Tourism: It involves creating maps to assist tourists or travelers to easily navigate their location.
Cognitive Cartography: It involves creating maps that represent people’s or groups of people’s mental models of the environment, including their spatial knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs.
Participatory Cartography: It involves creating maps by incorporating the contributions of local communities or stakeholders to represent local knowledge or context.
Mobile Cartography: It involves using handheld devices like GPS or smartphones to navigate and collect data for mapping purposes.
3D Cartography: It involves creating maps in a 3D format, including physical and topographic models, and combining them with 3D aerial imagery.
"Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: - Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries." - "Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections." - "Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of generalization." - "Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization." - "Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design."
"This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"This is the concern of map projections, to represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media."
"This is the concern of generalization, to eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"This is the concern of map design, to orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc)."
"Cartography (; from Ancient Greek: χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write')"
"Combining science, aesthetics, and technique"
"Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections."
"To orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"To eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"To set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped."
"Physical traits, such as roads or land masses"
"Abstract traits, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"The main objectives of traditional cartography are to set the map's agenda, represent the terrain, eliminate irrelevant characteristics, reduce complexity, and convey its message effectively."