"Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere."
The physical landscape features of an area, including mountains, rivers, and valleys.
Topographic maps: A representation of the surface features of an area using symbols, contour lines, and other methods.
Relief features: Physical features such as mountains, hills, valleys, and plains.
Geologic features: Geological formations such as folds, faults, and rock types.
Hydrographic features: Bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Vegetative patterns: The distribution and types of plants and vegetation in an area.
Climate and weather patterns: Studying the long-term weather patterns and climate of an area to understand its topography.
Cultural features: The impact of human activity on an area's topography, such as settlements, roads, and infrastructure.
Political maps: The study of borders, boundaries, and nation-states is essential when understanding the topographical features of a region.
Historical maps: Understanding how the topography of an area has changed over time is important when studying historical geography.
Digital elevation models: High-resolution models that provide detailed information on an area's topography, elevations, and landforms.
Terrain analysis: The application of mathematical models to study and analyze topographical features.
Geospatial technologies: The use of satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and other technologies to analyze and visualize topographical features.
Cartography: The art and science of mapmaking, including the design, creation, and interpretation of topographical maps.
Remote sensing: Techniques for gathering information about an area's topography, climate, geology, and other features from a distance.
Land use patterns: The way that land is used for agriculture, residential, commercial, and industrial purposes can impact an area's topography.
Mountains: High land areas with steep slopes, usually rising above 600 meters.
Hills: Elevated land areas, which are lower than mountains, and usually not more than 600 meters.
Valleys: Low land areas, which lie between mountains or hills, usually marked by rivers or streams.
Plateaus: Flat elevated land areas, which rise sharply above the surrounding areas.
Canyons: Narrow valleys with steep sides, often created by water erosion.
Basins: Low areas surrounded by mountains or hills, which are often bowl-shaped.
Plains: Large areas of flat land with gentle slopes, often in the form of grasslands or agricultural land.
Deserts: Areas of land with minimal precipitation, which may differ in terms of temperature, terrain, and vegetation.
Deltas: Low-lying areas formed at the mouth of a river, where it empties into a larger body of water.
Peninsulas: Land areas protruding out into a sea or lake, with three sides surrounded by water.
Islands: Masses of land surrounded by water.
Fjords: Narrow inlets with steep cliffs, created by glaciation.
Wetlands: Areas of land that are saturated with water periodically or all year round, with vegetation adapted to that environment.
Caves: Natural underground cavities created by geological processes.
Crevices: Narrow valleys or gaps in the earth's crust created by tectonic activity.
Rift valleys: Long, narrow valleys created by the movement of tectonic plates.
Glaciers: Large masses of ice that move slowly over land.
Oases: Areas of land in an arid region where water is available, often leading to agricultural activities.
Waterfalls: Areas of a river where the water falls over a precipice or steep drop.
Reefs: Shallow marine areas, often consisting of coral or other organisms, creating a habitat for marine life.
Stratovolcanoes: Composite volcanoes consisting of layers of lava, tephra, and ash that form a conical shape.
Craters: Circular depressions or holes in the earth's surface created by volcanic activity.
Geysers: Hot springs that intermittently erupt with water and steam.
Badlands: Land areas characterized by soft rock formations and deep, winding canyons and ravines.
Archipelagos: A group or chain of islands.
"Physical geography is one of the three main branches of geography."
"This focus is in contrast with the branch of human geography, which focuses on the built environment, and technical geography, which focuses on using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information."
"...the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere."
"The built environment."
"Using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information."
"Physical geography, human geography, and technical geography."
"The three branches have significant overlap, however."
"This focus is in contrast with the branch of human geography..."
"...the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere."
"...deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment."
"Physical geography (also known as physiography)..."
"The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere."
"...deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment..."
"The processes and patterns in the natural environment."
"Technical geography, which focuses on using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information."
"The built environment."
"Physical geography deals with the natural environment, while technical geography focuses on obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting spatial information."
"Physical geography focuses on the natural environment, whereas human geography focuses on the built environment."
"There are three main branches of geography: physical geography, human geography, and technical geography."