- "Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities."
The borders and divisions between countries, states, and other political entities.
Sovereignty: The concept of independent authority over a defined territory.
Territoriality: The connection between social and political processes in the creation and maintenance of territorial boundaries.
Imperialism and colonization: The expansion and control of territory by powerful states or empires.
Nation-states: The modern political unit based on the idea of a nation, or a people bound by common social and cultural factors.
Borders and boundary-making: The physical and conceptual lines that separate one political entity from another.
Frontiers: The areas beyond established borders that mark the edge of a territory and where interactions between different groups occur.
Colonialism and post-colonialism: The historical and ongoing impact of western colonialism on global political boundaries and power structures.
Nationalism: The ideology and movements that seek to create or defend a nation or ethnic group's political autonomy.
Geopolitics: The study of the relationships between territories, states, and resources.
Ethnic conflict: The political and social tensions that arise from differences in ethnic, linguistic, or cultural identity.
International law: The set of rules and principles governing relations between states and other actors in the international system.
Boundaries in the digital age: How the growth of virtual technology has affected the nature and meaning of political boundaries.
Natural boundaries: These boundaries are formed by nature such as rivers, mountains, and oceans.
Geometric boundaries: These boundaries are formed by lines of latitude and longitude or straight lines drawn on the map.
Cultural boundaries: These boundaries are formed based on cultural differences, such as religion, language, and ethnicity.
Administrative boundaries: These boundaries are created by governments to divide countries or regions for administrative purposes.
Historical boundaries: These boundaries are created by historical events or agreements, such as treaty lines or colonial borders.
Physical boundaries: These boundaries are created by physical features such as mountains, rivers, and seas.
Economic boundaries: These boundaries are created based on economic factors such as trade routes, markets, and resources.
Political boundaries: These boundaries define the jurisdiction of political entities such as countries, states/provinces, and cities.
- "Political borders can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation."
- "Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded."
- "Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled."
- "Buffer zones may be set up on borders between belligerent entities to lower the risk of escalation."
- "While border refers to the boundary itself, the area around the border is called the frontier."
- "Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain..."
- "...or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities."
- "...mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation."
- "Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded."
- "...may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled."
- "Buffer zones may be set up on borders between belligerent entities to lower the risk of escalation."
- "While border refers to the boundary itself, the area around the border is called the frontier."
- "Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain..."
- "...established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas..."
- "Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled..."
- "...may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints..."
- "...adjacent border zones may also be controlled."
- "To lower the risk of escalation."
- "While border refers to the boundary itself, the area around the border is called the frontier."