- "Climatology or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years."
The study of weather patterns and climate in a specific region over time.
Solar radiation: This covers the study of the Sun's energy that is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and affects the planet's climate.
Atmospheric composition: The study of the different types of gases and particles that make up the Earth's atmosphere and their role in climate regulation.
Earth's Energy balance: Understanding how energy is distributed across the Earth’s surface, including its transfer between land, ocean, and the atmosphere.
Water cycle: This includes understanding how water evaporates from land and oceans, forms clouds, and returns to the surface in the form of precipitation.
Climate change: Learning about how human activity has affected the Earth's climate with industrial and greenhouse gas emissions.
Atmosphere-ocean circulation: Understanding how air and ocean currents interact, transfer heat energy and affect climate patterns.
Paleoclimatology: Studying ancient climate through analyzing ice cores, tree rings, and other geological formations or preserved records.
Natural climatic variability: The study of natural or geological climate cycles, such as the El Nino or La Nina events.
Weather patterns: Understanding how climate variations affect daily weather patterns.
Climate modeling: Using computer-based models to simulate different climate scenarios and predict the potential impacts of climate change.
Physical Climatology: This type of Climatology focuses on the physical processes and mechanisms that control and influence the Earth's weather and climate, such as atmospheric dynamics, radiation, and thermodynamics.
Dynamic Climatology: This type of Climatology studies the dynamic interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere, and their influence on climate variability and change.
Applied Climatology: This type of Climatology applies the principles and methods of Climatology to practical problems, such as weather forecasting, agriculture, water management, and urban planning.
Synoptic Climatology: This type of Climatology investigates the patterns and dynamics of atmospheric circulation and weather systems over large regions and time scales, focusing on synoptic-scale features such as pressure systems, fronts, and jet streams.
Paleoclimatology: This type of Climatology studies past climate conditions and variations using historical records, proxies, and other indirect sources of information, such as tree rings, ice cores, sediment cores, and cave formations.
Bioclimatology: This type of Climatology examines the interrelationships between climate and living organisms, such as plants, animals, and humans, and how they adapt and respond to changes in the environment.
Climate Modeling: This type of Climatology uses computer simulations to analyze and predict climate behaviors, patterns, and trends, based on physical and statistical models of the atmosphere and oceanic systems.
Atmospheric Chemistry: This type of Climatology studies the chemical composition and reactions of the Earth's atmosphere, including the sources and impacts of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases on climate change.
- "Climate concerns the atmospheric condition during an extended to indefinite period of time; weather is the condition of the atmosphere during a relative brief period of time."
- "The main topics of research are the study of climate variability, mechanisms of climate changes, and modern climate change."
- "Climatology is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences and a subdivision of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. It also includes some aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry."
- "The main methods employed by climatologists are the analysis of observations and modeling of the physical processes that determine climate."
- "Short-term weather forecasting can be interpreted in terms of knowledge of longer-term phenomena of climate, for instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate."
- "Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, 'slope'; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years."
- "Climatologists study climate variability, which refers to the changes that occur in Earth's climate system over time."
- "Climatologists study mechanisms of climate changes, aiming to understand the factors and processes that contribute to shifts in Earth's climate."
- "For instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climatologists analyze observations to gather data and information about Earth's climate system through various scientific methods."
- "Climatology is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences, including the study of Earth's climate and weather patterns."
- "Climatology is a subdivision of physical geography, one of the Earth sciences, covering the study of climate phenomena and their interactions with the physical landscape."
- "Climatology includes some aspects of oceanography, studying the relationship between Earth's climate and the world's oceans."
- "Climatology includes some aspects of biogeochemistry, exploring the interactions between Earth's climate and the chemical processes occurring in the biosphere."
- "For instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climate models are used for a variety of purposes [...] predictions of future climate."
- "Climate models are used [...] from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system..."
- "Climate models are used [...] predictions of future climate."