"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
The use of computer programming languages to automate GIS processes and analyze data, including languages such as Python, R, and JavaScript.
Programming languages: A programming language is a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a specific task. Popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript.
Object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that uses objects, which are instances of classes, to represent data and behavior.
Data Structures: Data Structures are the objects used in coding, such as lists, queues, and stacks.
Algorithms: Algorithms are sets of instructions used to solve a specific problem.
GIS concepts: GIS concepts refer to the principles behind Geographical Information Systems, including geospatial data, spatial analysis, and map-making.
Database management: Database management involves managing and organizing data in a database, including storing, retrieving, and updating data.
Web development: Web development refers to creating and maintaining websites and web applications.
Geographic information systems software: Geographic information systems software is specialized software used to collect, store, analyze, and display geospatial data.
ArcGIS: ArcGIS is a popular GIS software program used for geospatial analysis, mapping, and data visualization.
GeoJSON: GeoJSON is a format used for encoding geospatial data in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.
Remote Sensing: Remote sensing involves using satellite or other types of sensors to collect data about the environment from a distance.
Web Mapping: Web Mapping is the process of creating interactive maps that can be accessed and used online.
Data Visualization: Data Visualization refers to creating visual representations of data to help people understand and interpret data more easily.
Spatial Statistics: Spatial Statistics refers to using statistical methods to analyze geospatial data.
Open Source: Open Source software is freely available software that can be modified and distributed by anyone.
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI): Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) refers to the framework used to manage and share geospatial data.
Spatial Analysis: Spatial Analysis involves analyzing geospatial data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends.
Spatial Databases: Spatial Databases are databases designed to store and manage geospatial data.
GIS application development: GIS application development involves creating custom applications or tools to perform specific GIS tasks.
Map Projections: Map Projections are methods for representing the surface of the Earth on a two-dimensional map.
Web GIS: It refers to the use of internet technologies to disseminate and analyze geographic data.
Desktop GIS: It refers to the use of specialized software installed on a computer to manage and analyze geographic data.
Mobile GIS: It allows GIS data to be collected, analyzed, and shared in the field using mobile devices.
Open Source GIS: It provides access to GIS software and tools for free or at low cost, allowing for greater accessibility and a broader user base.
Remote Sensing: It refers to the use of satellite or aerial imagery to gather data about the earth's surface.
3D GIS: It involves the manipulation of data in three dimensions, allowing for a more realistic view of geographic features.
Real-time GIS: It involves the use of real-time data to monitor and analyze geographic phenomena.
Lidar GIS: It refers to the use of Lidar technology to remotely sense and acquire data about the earth's surface.
Cartography GIS: It involves the creation of maps and other visual representations using GIS data.
Geospatial analysis: It involves the use of statistical methods and models to analyze geographic data and make predictions about future phenomena.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.