"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues."
Covers topics such as cost-benefit analysis, market failures, ecosystem services, valuation methods, and environmental policy instruments.
Environmental degradation: This refers to the deterioration of the natural environment which may be caused by activities such as pollution, deforestation, overfishing, climate change, etc.
Sustainability: This refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Natural resource management: This topic deals with the proper management of natural resources such as forests, water bodies, mineral resources, etc.
Ecosystem services: This refers to the benefits that people derive from ecosystems such as pollination, water purification, carbon sequestration, etc.
Pollution: This involves the release of harmful substances into the environment which may have adverse effects on human health and the environment.
Cost-benefit analysis: This is a method used to evaluate the benefits and costs of different projects, policies, or activities in order to assess their economic viability.
Environmental policy: This topic deals with the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development.
Climate change: This refers to the long-term changes in the Earth's climate which may have significant impacts on the environment and human activities.
Energy economics: This involves the study of the production, consumption, and distribution of energy resources and their impacts on the environment and the economy.
Natural disasters: This refers to the sudden, severe natural events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc. that may have serious impacts on human lives and the environment.
Biodiversity: This refers to the variety of plant and animal species in a given ecosystem and their interactions with each other.
Land use: This involves the study of the different ways in which land is used for agricultural, urban development, industrial, and other purposes.
Water resources: This topic deals with the management of water resources such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater which are critical for human survival and economic activities.
Ecological economics: This is a branch of environmental economics that emphasizes the relationship between the economy and the environment and how they interact with each other.
Environmental justice: This refers to the concept of fairness and equity in the distribution of environmental benefits, harms, and risks across different communities and social groups.
Ecological economics: The study of the interactions between the ecological and economic systems; focuses on the sustainability of economic growth, the ecosystem and natural resources management, and the distribution of economic benefits and costs.
Natural resource economics: The study of the economic benefits and costs associated with natural resource use and management; includes topics such as resource valuation, optimization, and modeling.
Environmental and resource management economics: The study of the theoretical and empirical foundations for the design, implementation, and evaluation of environmental policies and resource management programs.
Environmental policy economics: The study of the role of economic incentives and institutions in shaping environmental policy; focuses on issues such as regulation and market-based approaches (e.g., taxes, cap-and-trade programs).
Environmental justice economics: The study of the distribution of environmental benefits and costs across different social groups; aims to address issues such as the disproportionate impact of environmental problems on low-income and minority communities.
Sustainable development economics: The study of economic growth that balances economic, social, and environmental concerns; includes topics such as green growth, circular economy, and the measurement of sustainability.
Energy economics: The study of energy markets, policies, and environmental impacts; includes issues such as renewable energy, energy security, and climate change mitigation strategies.
Climate change economics: The study of the economic impacts and responses to climate change; includes topics such as adaptation, mitigation, and carbon pricing.
Land economics: The study of the economic value and use of land resources; includes topics such as land use planning, conservation, and payment for ecosystem service programs.
Eco-industrial economics: The study of industrial systems that incorporate ecological principles and practices; focuses on issues such as symbiosis between firms, eco-efficiency, and industrial ecology.
"It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists emphasizing 'strong' sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"The focus [of ecological economics] is upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists reject the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"...to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental policies have economic effects in national or local contexts around the world."
"Growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies."
"Dealing with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"Preserving natural capital."
"Ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"Concerns regarding environmental issues."