"Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege."
Analyzes how social class intersects with other dimensions of identity, shaping experiences of poverty, privilege, and inequality.
Intersectionality theory: This is the key theoretical framework for understanding how different identities, such as race, gender, and sexuality, intersect and affect people's experiences of oppression and privilege.
Social identity theory: This is a psychological theory that posits that people's self-concepts are largely based on their membership in various social groups, and that their group memberships shape their attitudes, behaviors, and social interactions.
Critical race theory: This theory examines the ways in which race and racism are embedded in institutional practices and social norms and how they perpetuate inequality, particularly for people of color.
Feminist theory: This theory focuses on analyzing and challenging the social, cultural, and political norms that perpetuate gender inequality and to uplift the experiences of women.
Queer theory: This theory examines how cultural norms and expectations around gender and sexuality are constructed and contested, and how queerness intersects with other sites of oppression.
Postcolonial theory: This theory focuses on the legacy of colonialism and the ways in which colonialism and imperialism have shaped the current social and economic structures as well as cultural norms and stereotypes.
Disability studies: This field of study examines disability as a social and cultural construct and the impact of disability on identity, culture, and society.
Critical whiteness studies: This field of study seeks to examine the ways in which whiteness is constructed, and how it operates and sustains systemic racism.
Indigeneity: This field of study examines the impact of colonization on Indigenous peoples, including the loss of land, resources, and culture, as well as the ongoing impact of colonialism on Indigenous identity, resistance, and sovereignty.
Economic class: Economic class concerns the ways in which economic inequality shapes people's lives and social relationships, and intersects with other social identities.
Nationality and migration: This field of study examines the impact of migration and national policies on identity, culture, and social relations.
Environmental justice: This field of study examines the unequal distribution of environmental burdens and benefits, and how environmental problems intersect with other social issues.
Health inequality: This topic concerns the ways in which health disparities are shaped by social identities, including race, class, gender, and sexuality.
Criminal justice: This field of study examines the ways in which the criminal justice system perpetuates inequality and racism, and how social identities shape experiences of the criminal justice system.
Education: This field of study examines the ways in which educational systems reproduce inequality and how education policies can be designed to advance social justice.
Gender Intersectionality: The intersection of gender with other identities such as race, sexuality, ability, nationality, and class.
Race Intersectionality: The intersection of race with other social categories such as gender, sexuality, ability, class, and nationality.
Sexuality Intersectionality: The intersection of sexual identity and orientation with other social categories such as race, gender, ability, nationality, and class.
Ability Intersectionality: The intersection of ability with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, nationality, and class.
Nationality Intersectionality: The intersection of nationality with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, and class.
Class Intersectionality: The intersection of class with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, and nationality.
Ethnic Intersectionality: The intersection of ethnic identity with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, nationality, and class.
Age Intersectionality: The intersection of age with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, nationality, and class.
Religion Intersectionality: The intersection of religion with other social categories such as race, gender, sexuality, ability, nationality, and class.
"Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance."
"These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing."
"Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities."
"The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989."
"Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation."
"In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated."
"Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color."
"Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories."
"Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals."
"As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality."
"An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality."
"The analysis ... provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research."
"An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology."
"In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information."
"In this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) are known together."
"Intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome [...] that can [...] not [be] extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately."
"Critics [argue] the inability to identify common causes of oppression."
"Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, [...] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups."