"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues."
The study of the economic factors that contribute to environmental inequalities and disparities.
Natural resource economics: This topic covers the principles of supply and demand, resource scarcity, and how they influence market prices and resource allocation.
Externalities: Externalities refer to the costs or benefits that affect a third party, and how they can be internalized to reduce the negative impact of pollution.
Market failure: Market failure occurs when the market is not able to provide an efficient allocation of resources, and how this can be addressed by policies such as taxation and regulation.
Valuation techniques: This refers to methods used to determine the economic value of natural resources or ecosystem services, such as cost-benefit analysis and willingness to pay.
Environmental policy: This topic covers the design and implementation of government policies to address environmental issues, such as pollution regulation, sustainable development, and conservation.
Sustainable development: Sustainable development refers to the integration of economic, social, and environmental considerations in decision-making to promote long-term well-being for present and future generations.
Environmental justice: Environmental justice is the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, and how environmental racism may be perpetuated through policy and decision-making.
Climate change economics: This topic covers the economic impacts of climate change and how policies can be designed to mitigate its effects, such as carbon pricing and emissions trading.
Energy economics: Energy economics focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of energy resources, and how policies can be designed to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impacts.
Biodiversity economics: This topic covers the economic value of biodiversity and how policies can be designed to promote its conservation, such as habitat protection and ecosystem restoration.
Pollution economics: This type of environmental economics studies the impact of pollution on the environment, health, and economy.
Natural Resource Economics: It studies the management of natural resources, the impact of resource depletion, and resource scarcity on the economy and environment.
Sustainable Development Economics: It studies the concept of sustainable development, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.
Ecological Economics: It studies how ecosystems function and how economic activities interact with environmental systems and the natural world.
Environmental Valuation Economics: It studies the economic value of environmental resources, such as biodiversity, parks, and ecosystems.
Institutional Economics: It studies the role of institutions in shaping environmental policies and regulations.
Climate Change Economics: It studies the economic impact of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the cost of mitigating these impacts.
"It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists emphasizing 'strong' sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"The focus [of ecological economics] is upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists reject the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"...to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental policies have economic effects in national or local contexts around the world."
"Growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies."
"Dealing with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"Preserving natural capital."
"Ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"Concerns regarding environmental issues."