"Environmental justice or eco-justice, is a social movement to address environmental injustice, which occurs when poor and marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses from which they do not benefit."
The intersection of environmental justice and climate change, including the disproportionate impact of climate change on marginalized communities.
Climate Science: Understanding the physical processes and mechanisms behind climate change, as well as the scientific evidence supporting it.
Climate Policy and Regulation: Examining how governments and international organizations create and enforce laws and regulations to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Energy and Transportation: Understanding the role that fossil fuels, renewable energy technologies, and transportation systems play in contributing to climate change, and exploring alternatives.
Natural Resources Management: Investigating how natural resources are impacted by climate change, as well as how sustainable management practices can help mitigate the effects.
Environmental Epidemiology: Examining how climate change can impact public health, particularly in vulnerable communities.
Climate Adaptation and Resilience: Understanding how to prepare for and respond to the effects of climate change, including sea-level rise, increased storms and wildfires, and other extreme weather events.
Environmental Justice: Investigating the ways in which vulnerable communities are disproportionately impacted by climate change and environmental degradation.
Sustainable Development: Examining how economic and social development can take place while also promoting environmental sustainability.
Carbon Accounting and Trading: Understanding the methods used to measure greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the market-based mechanisms for reducing emissions.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Investigating the role that businesses and corporations play in mitigating climate change, and how they can be held accountable for their actions.
Distributive Justice: This type of justice focuses on the equitable distribution of environmental burdens and benefits across different social and economic groups. It strives to ensure that marginalized and vulnerable communities are not disproportionately affected by environmental hazards, pollution, or climate change.
Procedural Justice: This type of justice is concerned with fair and transparent decision-making processes in environmental policy and regulation. It aims to ensure that all stakeholders, including community members and marginalized groups, have a say in environmental decision-making and that their voices are heard.
Restorative Justice: This type of justice focuses on repairing harm caused by environmental damage and climate change. It seeks to restore the physical environment and compensate those affected by environmental harm.
Participatory Justice: This type of justice involves active involvement of communities in environmental decision-making, planning and implementation. It aims to empower communities to have a say in shaping their environments and mitigate the effects of environmental injustice.
Environmental Racism: This type of injustice describes the disproportionate impact of pollution and environmental hazards on people of color and individuals from low-income communities due to their location.
Climate Debt: This refers to the idea that developed countries have an obligation to address the climate crisis, as they have historically contributed more to greenhouse gas emissions than developing countries, and are also in a better position to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Intergenerational Justice: This type of justice concerns the responsibility of current generations to act in a way that preserves the environment for future generations. The impact of climate change may have long-lasting consequences that disproportionately affect future generations.
Environmental Inequality: This type of injustice refers to inequalities in exposure to environmental risks and hazards across different social groups. It is often linked with socioeconomic class, race, and geographic location.
Environmental Refugees: This is a type of social injustice that occurs when communities are forced to relocate due to environmental hazards or climate change, causing them to lose their place of origin and cultural heritage.
"The movement began in the United States in the 1980s."
"It was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement and focused on environmental racism within rich countries."
"The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups."
"The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the United Nations. The movement overlaps with movements for Indigenous land rights and for the human right to a healthy environment."
"The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve agency for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives."
"The global environmental justice movement arises from local environmental conflicts in which environmental defenders frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries."
"Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks."
"Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes contributions to political ecology, environmental law, and theories on justice and sustainability."
"Environmental injustice, which occurs when poor and marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses from which they do not benefit."
"The movement began in the United States in the 1980s."
"The movement was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement and focused on environmental racism within rich countries."
"The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups."
"As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the Global South (as, for example, through extractivism or the global waste trade)."
"The movement overlaps with movements for Indigenous land rights and for the human right to a healthy environment."
"The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve agency for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives."
"Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks."
"Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes contributions to political ecology, environmental law, and theories on justice and sustainability."
"Exposure to environmental harm is inequitably distributed."
"As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the Global South."