The study of the deformation and fracture behavior of materials under external loads, including strength, stiffness, and ductility.
Stress and Strain: Stress is the force per unit area that acts on a material, while strain is the deformation that occurs due to stress. This topic covers the relationship between stress and strain and how it is measured.
Elasticity: Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation. This topic covers the elastic modulus, Hooke's law, and various types of elasticity.
Plasticity: Plasticity is the ability of a material to deform permanently without breaking. This topic covers yield strength, strain hardening, and different types of plasticity.
Fatigue: Fatigue is the failure of a material due to repeated loading and unloading. This topic covers the fatigue strength, S-N curve, and different types of fatigue.
Creep: Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material under a constant load. This topic covers creep resistance, creep rate, and different types of creep.
Fracture toughness: Fracture toughness is the ability of a material to resist the propagation of cracks. This topic covers the fracture toughness test, crack propagation, and different types of fracture.
Hardness: Hardness is the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This topic covers various hardness tests, including Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers.
Toughness: Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy before fracture. This topic covers the toughness test, impact testing, and different types of toughness.
Ductility: Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. This topic covers the stress-strain curve for ductile materials, necking, and different types of ductility.
Brittleness: Brittleness is the tendency of a material to break without deformation. This topic covers brittle fracture, stress concentration, and different types of brittleness.
Corrosion: Corrosion is the degradation of a material due to chemical reactions with the environment. This topic covers different types of corrosion, corrosion resistance, and corrosion testing.
Thermal properties: Thermal properties are the properties that describe a material's behavior when exposed to temperature changes. This topic covers thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity.
Electrical properties: Electrical properties are the properties that describe a material's behavior when exposed to electric fields. This topic covers conductivity, resistivity, and dielectric strength.
Magnetic properties: Magnetic properties are the properties that describe a material's behavior when exposed to magnetic fields. This topic covers magnetic susceptibility, magnetic permeability, and different types of magnetism.
Acoustic properties: Acoustic properties are the properties that describe a material's behavior when exposed to sound waves. This topic covers acoustic impedance, sound attenuation, and sound speed.
Rheology: Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of materials. This topic covers viscosity, shear modulus, and different types of flow behavior.
Tribology: Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication. This topic covers various types of friction, wear mechanisms, and lubrication types.
Nondestructive testing: Nondestructive testing is the technique of evaluating a material's properties without damaging it. This topic covers different nondestructive testing methods, including ultrasonic, eddy current, and X-ray inspection.
Tensile strength: This measures the maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before breaking or fracturing. It is measured by applying a gradually increasing force to a material until it reaches the point of failure.
Compressive strength: This measures the maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before being crushed or compressed. It is measured by applying a compressive force to a material until it reaches the point of failure.
Shear strength: This measures the maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before it starts to deform or fail due to shear forces. It is often measured by applying a twisting or sliding force to a material until it reaches the point of failure.
Fatigue strength: This measures the ability of a material to withstand repeated loading and unloading cycles without failing. It is an important property for materials used in applications where there is a lot of cyclic loading, such as in aircraft engines.
Elastic modulus: This measures the stiffness or how much a material resists deformation when a force is applied. It is also known as Young's modulus and is a measure of the material's ability to return to its original shape after being deformed.
Yield strength: This measures the amount of stress a material can withstand before it starts to deform permanently or yield. It is often used to determine the maximum load a material can safely support.
Ductility: This measures the ability of a material to deform without breaking or fracturing. It is often measured by the amount of deformation a material can withstand before it breaks or by the percentage of elongation.
Toughness: This measures a material's ability to resist fracture or failure when it is subjected to a sudden impact or shock. It is often determined by measuring the amount of energy needed to break a material.
Hardness: This measures a material's resistance to indentation, scratching or abrasion. It is often measured using a hardness tester to determine a material's resistance to external forces.
Creep resistance: This measures a material's ability to resist deformation or strain when it is subjected to a constant, long-term load. It is an important property for materials used in high-temperature applications, such as in gas turbines.
Thermal expansion: This measures the change in size or volume of a material when it is subjected to changes in temperature. It is an important property when designing structures that are subjected to varying temperatures.
Thermal conductivity: This measures a material's ability to transfer heat. It is often an important property for materials used in heat exchangers, boilers, and cooling systems.
Electrical conductivity: This measures a material's ability to conduct electricity. It is an important property for materials used in electrical and electronic applications.
Magnetic properties: This measures a material's response to a magnetic field. It is important in designing magnetic materials used in motors, generators, and other electromechanical devices.
Corrosion resistance: This measures a material's ability to resist degradation due to chemical or electrochemical reactions. It is an important property for materials used in harsh or corrosive environments.