"International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them."
This is the study of economic relations between countries, including topics such as international trade and exchange rates.
International trade: The study of the flow of goods and services across national borders and the factors that influence it.
Comparative advantage: A theory explaining how countries benefit from specializing in the production of goods and services in which they have a lower opportunity cost.
Exchange rates: The rates at which one country's currency can be exchanged for another country's currency.
Balance of payments: A record of a country's international transactions that includes all payments made by the country's residents to foreigners and all payments received from foreigners.
International capital flows: The movement of funds from one country to another for investment purposes.
International financial institutions: Institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank that provide financial assistance to countries.
Protectionism: Policies designed to limit the flow of foreign goods in order to protect domestic industries.
Free trade agreements: Agreements between countries to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and promote free trade.
International development: The study of economic and social development in low-income countries and the factors that contribute to it.
Economic integration: The process of countries coming together to deepen economic cooperation through the elimination of trade barriers and the harmonization of policies.
International labor markets: The study of the movement of labor across national borders and the factors that influence it.
International trade organizations: Organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) that oversee and promote international trade.
Globalization: The process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries in economic, cultural, and political spheres.
Multinational corporations: Companies that operate in more than one country and have subsidiaries or affiliates in different countries.
Foreign direct investment: Investment by a company in a foreign country in the form of a subsidiary, acquisition, or greenfield investment.
Economic growth: The increase in the production of goods and services over time.
Foreign aid: Assistance provided by one country to another in the form of grants or loans.
International taxation: The study of how taxes are imposed on international transactions and how they affect trade and investment.
Intellectual property rights: Legal protections for the rights of creators of intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
International standards and regulations: Standards and regulations that apply to international trade and investment, such as environmental standards and product safety regulations.
"International trade studies goods and services flows across international boundaries from supply-and-demand factors, economic integration, international factor movements, and policy variables."
"International finance studies the flow of capital across international financial markets, and the effects of these movements on exchange rates."
"International monetary economics and international macroeconomics study flows of money across countries and the resulting effects on their economies as a whole."
"International political economy, a sub-category of international relations, studies issues and impacts from for example international conflicts, international negotiations, and international sanctions."
"It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment, and transaction."
"International trade studies goods and services flows across international boundaries from supply-and-demand factors, economic integration, international factor movements, and policy variables."
"Factors such as tariff rates and trade quotas are considered in international trade."
"International finance focuses on the flow of capital across international financial markets."
"It studies the effects of capital movements on exchange rates."
"International monetary economics studies flows of money across countries."
"It studies the resulting effects on their economies as a whole."
"It is a sub-category of international relations."
"It studies issues and impacts from, for example, international conflicts, international negotiations, and international sanctions."
"It explains the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences."
"It analyzes transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment, and transaction."
"Economic integration is one of the factors studied in international trade."
"Policy variables such as tariff rates and trade quotas are considered in international trade."
"International finance focuses on the effects of capital movements on exchange rates."
"International political economy considers factors such as international conflicts, international negotiations, and international sanctions."