"An organization of people, institutions, and resources that delivers health care services to meet the health needs of target populations."
Understanding healthcare systems and institutions, including healthcare delivery, financing, organization, and regulation.
Basic Concepts in Health Economics: This includes definitions of commonly used terms in health economics, such as efficiency, equity, demand, supply, elasticity, and externality.
Health Insurance Coverage: This describes the different types of health insurance coverage, including private health insurance, government-funded health insurance, and self-insurance.
Healthcare Financing: This includes a discussion of the various sources of healthcare financing, such as taxation, insurance premiums, out-of-pocket payments, and donations.
Healthcare Delivery Models: This covers the different models of delivering healthcare, such as fee-for-service, managed care, and accountable care organizations.
Health Workforce Planning and development: This describes the role of the healthcare workforce, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals in the healthcare system.
Health Technology Assessment: This examines the assessment of healthcare technologies, such as drugs, medical devices, and diagnostic tests, to determine their cost-effectiveness and value.
Health Policy Analysis: This includes the evaluation of health policies, such as healthcare financing, health insurance coverage, and health workforce planning, to determine their effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability.
Health Systems Strengthening: This describes strategies for strengthening health systems, such as investing in health infrastructure, improving health governance, and increasing health workforce capacity.
Health Information Systems: This covers the role of information systems in healthcare, including electronic health records, health information exchanges, and health data analytics.
Healthcare Quality and Safety: This examines the importance of quality and safety in healthcare, including measurement and improvement of healthcare quality, patient safety, and administrative efficiency.
Health Outcomes Research: This covers the evaluation of healthcare outcomes, including the measurement of patient health status, quality of life, and treatment effectiveness.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: This includes strategies for promoting health and preventing disease, such as public health education, immunization programs, and lifestyle modification interventions.
Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health: This describes the impact of social determinants of health, such as income, education, and race/ethnicity, on health equity and access to care.
Global Health: This covers the study of health systems and institutions in different regions of the world, including low- and middle-income countries, and the challenges and opportunities facing the global health community.
Single-payer systems: In this type of system, the government pays for healthcare services for all citizens and funds the healthcare facilities.
Insurance-based systems: This type of system is based on private insurance companies offering healthcare coverage to individuals.
National Health Service (NHS) systems: In this type of system, healthcare is provided and funded by the government.
Socialized healthcare systems: This type of healthcare system is similar to a single-payer system, where the government owns and operates healthcare facilities.
Managed care systems: In this type of system, healthcare providers are contracted to offer care at discounted rates to patients who have insurance.
Public-private partnerships: This type of system is a combination of the private and public sectors, where government funding is utilized with private healthcare providers.
Hospital systems: This type of system is owned and operated by the hospital, which provides both inpatient and outpatient services.
Outpatient care facilities: These facilities provide medical treatment and diagnostic services on an outpatient basis, such as clinics and urgent care centers.
Long-term care facilities: This type of institution provides care to patients for an extended period, such as nursing homes or assisted living facilities.
Integrated delivery systems: This type of system combines healthcare providers, such as hospitals and clinics, to offer healthcare services in a coordinated manner.
"There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organizational structures as there are nations."
"Common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures."
"Health system planning is distributed among market participants."
"There is a concerted effort among governments, trade unions, charities, religious organizations, or other co-ordinated bodies to deliver planned health care services targeted to the populations they serve."
"Health care planning has been described as often evolutionary rather than revolutionary."
"Nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources."
"Health systems are likely to reflect the history, culture, and economics of the states in which they evolve."
"These peculiarities bedevil and complicate international comparisons."
"Preclude any universal standard of performance." (Continued)
"Delivers health care services to meet the health needs of target populations."
"Governments are often involved in planning and delivering health care services targeted to specific populations."
"Common elements in virtually all health systems."
"Governments, trade unions, charities, religious organizations, or other co-ordinated bodies."
"Nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources."
"Health systems are likely to reflect the history, culture, and economics of the states in which they evolve."
"These peculiarities bedevil and complicate international comparisons."
"Health system planning is distributed among market participants."
"Health care planning has been described as often evolutionary."
"Preclude any universal standard of performance."