"Health economics is concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value, and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare."
Understanding healthcare markets, including demand, supply, competition, and market failure.
Healthcare systems: Understanding the different types of healthcare systems and models around the world, including their financing, governance, and organization.
Health insurance: Basic concepts of insurance and how they apply to health insurance, including risk pooling, adverse selection, and moral hazard.
Economics of health: Microeconomic concepts that are particularly relevant to health, including demand and supply, market failure, and externalities.
Health care financing: Understanding different forms of health care financing, including public and private, and their implications for efficiency, equity, and access.
Health technology assessment: The evaluation of medical technologies, including drugs, devices, and procedures, on the basis of their clinical and economic effects.
Pharmaceutical markets: Understanding the unique features of pharmaceutical markets, including patents, generics, and regulatory frameworks, and their impact on innovation, access, and pricing.
Health workforce: The organization and financing of health workforce, including physician supply, nurse practitioners, and allied health professionals.
Health policy analysis: The process of identifying, evaluating, and proposing solutions to policy problems in the healthcare sector.
Healthcare market research: The process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to understand healthcare markets, including patient demand, healthcare spending, and healthcare utilization.
Healthcare innovation: Understanding the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in healthcare, including the development of new medical technologies, products, and services.
Regulated markets: In regulated markets, the government sets rules and regulations on what health care providers can offer, how they must operate, and what services they must provide.
Competitive markets: In competitive markets, many health care providers compete with each other to offer the best services at the best prices, creating competition that can lead to lower costs and better patient outcomes.
Monopolistic markets: In monopolistic markets, a single health care provider has a monopoly on the market, meaning patients have no other options for care.
Oligopolistic markets: In oligopolistic markets, a small number of health care providers dominate the market, allowing them to work together to set high prices and limit patient choice.
Fragmented markets: In fragmented markets, there are many small health care providers, which can make it difficult for patients to find the care they need.
Integrated delivery systems: In integrated delivery systems, multiple health care providers, such as hospitals, clinics, and insurers, work together to provide patients with comprehensive care.
Public health care systems: In public health care systems, the government provides health care services to citizens, usually funded by taxes.
Private health care systems: In private health care systems, health care providers are privately owned and operate for-profit or non-profit.
Global health markets: Global health markets focus on providing care to people in developing countries, where access to quality health care can be limited.
Alternative health markets: Alternative health markets focus on providing services that are not typically considered traditional medicine, including chiropractic care, acupuncture, and naturopathy.
Telemedicine markets: Telemedicine markets use technology to provide remote healthcare services, increasing patient access while reducing costs.
Medical tourism markets: Medical tourism markets provide healthcare services to individuals traveling abroad for medical treatment, typically for lower costs or specialized services.
Long-term care markets: Long-term care markets provide care for individuals with chronic health conditions, including assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and hospice care.
Mental health markets: Mental health markets focus on the treatment of individuals with mental health disorders, including therapy, counseling, and medication management.
Pediatric health markets: Pediatric health markets focus on providing care for children, including pediatricians, pediatric hospitals, and specialty pediatric services.
Elder care markets: Elder care markets provide care for older adults, including geriatricians, elder care clinics, and specialized elder care services.
Rehabilitation markets: Rehabilitation markets provide care for individuals recovering from illnesses or injuries, including physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.
Chronic disease management markets: Chronic disease management markets provide care for individuals with chronic health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.
Women's health markets: Women's health markets focus on providing care for women's health issues, including obstetrics, gynecology, and breast health.
Oncology markets: Oncology markets provide care for individuals with cancer, including oncologists, cancer clinics, and specialized cancer treatments.
"Health economics helps in determining how to improve health outcomes and lifestyle patterns through interactions between individuals, healthcare providers, and clinical settings."
"Health economists study health-affecting behaviors such as smoking, diabetes, and obesity."
"One of the biggest difficulties regarding healthcare economics is that it does not follow normal rules for economics."
"Price and Quality are often hidden by the third-party payer system of insurance companies and employers."
"QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years) is one of the most commonly used measurements for treatments, but it is very difficult to measure and relies upon assumptions that are often unreasonable."
"In healthcare, the third-party agent is the patient's health insurer, who is financially responsible for the healthcare goods and services consumed by the insured patient."
"A seminal 1963 article by Kenneth Arrow is often credited with giving rise to health economics as a discipline."
"Factors that distinguish health economics from other areas include extensive government intervention, intractable uncertainty in several dimensions, asymmetric information, barriers to entry, externality, and the presence of a third-party agent."
"Health economists evaluate multiple types of financial information: costs, charges, and expenditures."
"Uncertainty is intrinsic to health, both in patient outcomes and financial concerns."
"The knowledge gap that exists between a physician and a patient creates a situation of distinct advantage for the physician, which is called asymmetric information."
"Externalities arise frequently when considering health and health care, notably in the context of the health impacts as with infectious disease or opioid abuse."
"Making an effort to avoid catching the common cold affects people other than the decision maker."
"Finding sustainable, humane, and effective solutions to the opioid epidemic."
"Health economics helps in determining how to improve health outcomes and lifestyle patterns through interactions between individuals, healthcare providers, and clinical settings."
"Health economists study health-affecting behaviors such as smoking, diabetes, and obesity."
"Price and Quality are often hidden by the third-party payer system of insurance companies and employers."
"Factors that distinguish health economics from other areas include extensive government intervention."
"Factors that distinguish health economics from other areas include extensive government intervention, intractable uncertainty in several dimensions, asymmetric information, barriers to entry, externality, and the presence of a third-party agent."