"Framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality."
How the way in which options are presented (framed) can influence decision-making.
Framing effects: Refers to the influence that the way information is presented can have on an individual's decision-making process.
Prospect theory: A psychological theory that explains how people make decisions between different options that involve risk and uncertainty.
Loss aversion: A cognitive bias that describes the tendency for individuals to feel stronger negative emotions when they lose something than when they gain the same thing.
Reference point: A key component of prospect theory whereby individuals compare outcomes to a subjective reference point.
Mental accounting: Describes how individuals categorize their financial resources into different mental accounts for different purposes.
Anchoring: A cognitive bias that refers to our tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions.
Contrast effect: Occurs when our perception of something is influenced by its relationship to something else we have seen or experienced.
Confirmation bias: A cognitive bias that describes our tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms our existing beliefs or opinions.
Availability heuristic: A cognitive shortcut that involves making judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind.
Sunk cost fallacy: A cognitive bias that describes our tendency to continue investing in something because we have already invested so much time or resources, even when it is no longer rational to do so.
Gain vs. Loss framing: In Gain framing, messages are framed in terms of positive outcomes or gains. In Loss framing, messages are framed in terms of negative outcomes or losses.
Attribute framing: Attribute framing focuses on the description of the attributes of the object. For instance, a product can be framed as having 90% effectiveness or 10% ineffectiveness.
Positive vs. Negative framing: In Positive framing, messages are presented with a focus on the positive aspects of a situation, while in Negative framing, messages are presented with a focus on the negative aspects of a situation.
Goal framing: Goal framing involves framing a message in terms of the viewer's goals. For instance, framing a diet message as "eat healthier to live longer" would appeal to the viewer's desire to live a long life.
Temporal framing: Temporal framing focuses on the duration of the effect of a message. For instance, "exercise for 20 minutes a day" would focus on the immediate benefit, while "staying healthy in the long run" would focus on the future benefit.
Prevention vs. Promotion framing: In Prevention framing, messages are framed in terms of preventing a negative outcome or avoiding a bad thing, while in Promotion framing, messages are framed in terms of achieving a positive outcome or obtaining a good thing.
Lingo framing: In Lingo framing, messages are framed in terms of language or jargon that is specific to a particular group, such as medical professionals.
Social framing: Social framing focuses on the social implications of a message, such as how it relates to personal relationships, social norms or values, or in-group identification.
"Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communication. Frames in thought consist of the mental representations, interpretations, and simplifications of reality. Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors."
"Framing is a key component of sociology, the study of social interaction among humans."
"Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know."
"People build a series of mental 'filters' through biological and cultural influences. They then use these filters to make sense of the world."
"Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon – by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations."
"Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases."
"Politically, the language communities of advertising, religion, and mass media are highly contested."
"One can view framing in communication as positive or negative – depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented."
"Equivalence frames, where two or more logically equivalent alternatives are portrayed in different ways."
"Emphasis frames, which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue."
"The frame surrounding the issue can change the reader's perception without having to alter the actual facts as the same information is used as a base."
"This is done through the media's choice of certain words and images to cover a story."
"For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that requires a solution."
"Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand."
"Framing consists of the mental representations, interpretations, and simplifications of reality."
"Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases."
"Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know."
"People build a series of mental 'filters' through biological and cultural influences. They then use these filters to make sense of the world."
"The frame surrounding the issue can change the reader's perception without having to alter the actual facts as the same information is used as a base."