"An atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body."
The study of the layers of atmosphere, the gaseous composition, and their role in regulating the Earth's climate.
Atmospheric layers: The atmosphere is made up of different layers, each with unique characteristics such as temperature, density, and pressure.
Atmospheric composition: The atmosphere is composed of various gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.
Atmospheric circulation: The movement of air in the atmosphere, including global wind patterns and atmospheric circulation cells.
Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere at any given point, including high and low-pressure systems.
Climate change: Earth's climate is changing due to a range of factors, including human activities, natural variations, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Weather patterns: The short-term variations in atmospheric temperature, pressure, and precipitation that create local weather conditions.
Atmospheric pollutants: The human activities that introduce pollutants into the atmosphere, including gas, particulate matter, and aerosols.
Atmospheric chemistry: The study of the chemical reactions that take place in the atmosphere, including the interaction of pollutants with atmospheric gases.
Polar regions: The unique atmospheric conditions in the polar regions due to cold temperatures, low levels of sunlight, and ocean currents.
Stratospheric ozone: The region of the atmosphere where ozone is present, which helps to absorb ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Atmospheric optics: The study of how light interacts with the atmosphere, including effects such as halos, rainbows, and mirages.
Atmospheric physics: The study of how physical processes, such as radiation, convection, and turbulence, operate in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric modeling: The use of computer models to simulate atmospheric processes, including climate change and weather patterns.
Solar radiation: The energy that Earth receives from the sun and how it is absorbed, reflected, and transmitted by the atmosphere.
Atmospheric measurements: The tools and techniques used to measure various atmospheric parameters, including temperature, pressure, and composition.
Nitrogen-Oxygen Atmosphere: This is the most common type of atmosphere found in the Earth's surface. The air contains about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, along with a small amount of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and neon.
Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere: This atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, with some traces of other gases like nitrogen and argon. It can be found in environments such as the surface of Mars, Venus and other exoplanets.
Methane Atmosphere: This atmosphere is composed of methane, along with minor traces of other gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It can be found in planets such as Uranus and Neptune.
Hydrogen Atmosphere: This atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and helium, along with small traces of other gases such as methane and water vapor. It can be found in planets such as Jupiter and Saturn.
Oxygen Atmosphere: This atmosphere is similar to the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, but with a higher concentration of oxygen. It can be found in planets with intense biology-like photosynthetic activity.
Helium Atmosphere: This atmosphere is mainly composed of helium, with some traces of other gases like hydrogen and nitrogen. It can be found in planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, where helium is the second most abundant gas.
Iron Atmosphere: This type of atmosphere, composed of metallic iron or iron compounds, can exist in planets with certain conditions that promote the dissociation of iron compounds under the right temperature and pressure.
Sulfuric Acid Atmosphere: This atmosphere is characterized by a high concentration of sulfuric acid, along with other gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide. It can be found in the venusian atmosphere.
Nitrogen Atmosphere: This atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen, with some traces of other gases such as argon and helium. It is found on the dwarf planet Pluto and some moons.
Water Vapor Atmosphere: This atmosphere is composed mainly of water vapor, along with small amounts of other gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It can be found in planets and moons such as Mars, the moon, and Jupiter's moon, Europa.
"A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low."
"A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere..."
"The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78 %), oxygen (21 %), argon (0.9 %), carbon dioxide (0.04 %) and trace gases."
"Most organisms use oxygen for respiration."
"Lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia..."
"Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis."
"The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, solar wind, and cosmic rays to protect organisms from genetic damage."
"The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms."
"The name 'atmosphere' comes from Ancient Greek words meaning 'vapour, steam' and 'sphere'."
"A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low."
"Stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules."
"The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78 %)..."
"Lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to produce ammonia..."
"Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis."
"The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, solar wind, and cosmic rays to protect organisms from genetic damage."
"The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms."
"The name 'atmosphere' comes from Ancient Greek words meaning 'vapour, steam' and 'sphere'."
"A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low."
"Stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules."