- "Climatology or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years."
Study of the Earth's climate, including its variability and change over time.
Atmosphere and its composition: The study of the layers of atmosphere, the gaseous composition, and their role in regulating the Earth's climate.
Water cycle: The movement of water in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface, including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and storage.
Solar radiation: The study of the Sun's energy output, the Earth's absorption and reflection of this energy, and its role in the Earth's climate.
Greenhouse effect: The process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, keeping the Earth's temperature within a certain range conducive to human habitats.
Global climate patterns: The study of the patterns and cycles of the Earth's weather, including monsoons, hurricanes, and El Niño conditions.
Glaciers and ice caps: The study of Earth's ice formations, including their formation, movement, and melting, and their role in the Earth's climate.
Ocean currents: The study of the movement of the Earth's oceans, including temperature, salinity, and other factors that affect weather patterns and climate.
Paleoclimatology: The study of past climates, including the use of ice cores, tree rings, and other data to analyze long-term climate trends.
Climate models: The use of mathematical and computer models to simulate the Earth's climate, including predicting future climate changes.
Climate change: The study of the long-term changes in the Earth's climate, including the effects of human activity on the climate system.
- "Climate concerns the atmospheric condition during an extended to indefinite period of time; weather is the condition of the atmosphere during a relative brief period of time."
- "The main topics of research are the study of climate variability, mechanisms of climate changes, and modern climate change."
- "Climatology is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences and a subdivision of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. It also includes some aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry."
- "The main methods employed by climatologists are the analysis of observations and modeling of the physical processes that determine climate."
- "Short-term weather forecasting can be interpreted in terms of knowledge of longer-term phenomena of climate, for instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate."
- "Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, 'slope'; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years."
- "Climatologists study climate variability, which refers to the changes that occur in Earth's climate system over time."
- "Climatologists study mechanisms of climate changes, aiming to understand the factors and processes that contribute to shifts in Earth's climate."
- "For instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climatologists analyze observations to gather data and information about Earth's climate system through various scientific methods."
- "Climatology is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences, including the study of Earth's climate and weather patterns."
- "Climatology is a subdivision of physical geography, one of the Earth sciences, covering the study of climate phenomena and their interactions with the physical landscape."
- "Climatology includes some aspects of oceanography, studying the relationship between Earth's climate and the world's oceans."
- "Climatology includes some aspects of biogeochemistry, exploring the interactions between Earth's climate and the chemical processes occurring in the biosphere."
- "For instance, climatic cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)."
- "Climate models are used for a variety of purposes [...] predictions of future climate."
- "Climate models are used [...] from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system..."
- "Climate models are used [...] predictions of future climate."