The technological tools and platforms that enable communication, such as smartphones, social media, and email.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT): This refers to the various hardware and software tools used for communication such as computers, smartphones, tablets, social media, etc.
Communication Channels: These refer to the various media or platforms through which communication takes place, and they include email, telephone, video conferencing, face-to-face conversations, and social media.
Communication Models: These are frameworks used to explain how messages are created, transmitted, and received in the communication process. Examples include the linear, interactive, and transactional models.
Communication Principles: These refer to the fundamental guidelines that govern effective communication such as clarity, simplicity, accuracy, feedback, and relevance.
Communication Strategies: These are the plans or tactics used to convey information to a specific audience and may include public relations, advertising, marketing, and social media campaigns.
Mass Communication: This deals with the study of the processes and effects of communication on a large scale, typically involving media such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet.
Intercultural Communication: This is the study of communication between people from different cultural backgrounds and can include factors such as language, customs, beliefs, and values.
Nonverbal Communication: This refers to the use of facial expressions, body language, and other nonverbal cues to convey meaning.
Communication Ethics: This deals with the moral principles that guide communication behaviors, such as speaker credibility, audience trust, and respect for privacy.
Communication Research: This involves the investigation of communication processes and effects, as well as the development of theories, models, and methods for studying communication.
Email: A system for sending and receiving messages electronically via the internet.
Instant messaging: A type of chat messaging that allows real-time communication over a computer network.
Social media: Online platforms that allow users to create and share content with others.
Video conferencing: A technology that allows people in different locations to communicate face-to-face using video and audio.
Blogs: Online journals or personal websites where people can share their thoughts, opinions, and experiences.
Podcasts: Digital audio files that can be downloaded and listened to on a variety of devices.
Text messaging: The sending and receiving of short text messages via mobile phones or other devices.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): A technology that allows voice communication over the internet.
Telepresence: A technology that allows individuals to feel as if they are present in a remote location by using video and audio.
Electronic bulletin boards: An online forum where users can post messages, comments, and other content for others to read and respond to.