"Drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered."
Case studies on drug discovery and development in the context of specific diseases or drug classes.
Drug discovery: The process of discovering new drugs and identifying drug targets.
Pharmacokinetics: The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
Toxicology: The study of the effects of drugs on living organisms, including the potential for harm or toxicity.
Drug design: The process of designing and developing new drugs based on their structure and how they interact with biological targets.
Drug delivery: The science of delivering drugs to the site of action within the body.
Biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes occurring within living cells and organisms.
Molecular biology: The study of the molecular basis of biological activity, including the structure and function of biomolecules.
Pharmaceutical analysis: The science of analyzing pharmaceutical products and drug substances to ensure their quality and efficacy.
Clinical trials: The process of conducting studies to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs in humans.
Pharmacodynamics: The study of how drugs interact with their targets and produce a physiological effect.
Drug discovery case studies: These case studies focus on the discovery of new drug candidates using various computational and experimental techniques.
Drug development case studies: These case studies focus on the pre-clinical and clinical development of drug candidates for specific diseases.
Pharmacokinetics case studies: These case studies focus on how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted from the body.
Pharmacodynamics case studies: These case studies focus on how drugs interact with their target receptors to produce a therapeutic effect.
Toxicology case studies: These case studies focus on the potential adverse effects of drugs and their metabolites on various organs and systems.
Pharmacogenomics case studies: These case studies focus on how genetic variations in patients can affect drug efficacy and toxicity.
Formulation case studies: These case studies focus on the development of drug formulations that provide optimal delivery of the drug to the target site.
Analytical chemistry case studies: These case studies focus on analytical methods used to quantify drugs and their metabolites in various biological matrices.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence case studies: These case studies focus on the evaluation of the extent and rate of drug absorption in comparison to a reference product.
Clinical trial case studies: These case studies focus on the design, implementation, and evaluation of clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs.
Regulatory affairs case studies: These case studies focus on the regulatory requirements for drug approval and the challenges faced during the approval process.
"Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin."
"It has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets, which are hypothesized to be disease-modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology."
"Medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity, efficacy/potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability."
"If successful, clinical trials are developed."
"Drug discovery is still a lengthy, 'expensive, difficult, and inefficient process' with a low rate of new therapeutic discovery."
"In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion."
"Basic discovery research is funded primarily by governments and philanthropic organizations."
"Late-stage development is funded primarily by pharmaceutical companies or venture capitalists."
"To undergo several successful phases of clinical trials."
"The new drug approval process, called the New Drug Application in the United States."
"Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success or a public health success involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing, and the need to balance secrecy with communication."
"For disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances."
"Chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms."
"After sequencing of the human genome allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins."
"Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy."
"A compound that fulfills all of these requirements."
"The affinity, selectivity, efficacy/potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability of a compound."
"Large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments."
"Drug discovery is still a lengthy, 'expensive, difficult, and inefficient process' with low rate of new therapeutic discovery."