"Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept called thermodynamic equilibrium."
The study of systems that are in a state of equilibrium, and the properties and behavior of those systems. It includes topics such as the chemical potential, activity coefficients, and the theories of electrochemistry and surface chemistry.
The laws of thermodynamics: The first and second laws of thermodynamics, along with their applications in different thermodynamic processes.
Internal energy and work: The relationship between work and heat, as well as the concept of internal energy and its different forms.
Enthalpy and heat transfer: The concept of enthalpy and its relationship with heat transfer, as well as the measurement and calculation of enthalpy change.
Entropy and the second law: The concept of entropy, its relationship with disorder and probability, and its role in the second law of thermodynamics.
Free energy and chemical potential: The concept of free energy and its different forms, along with the chemical potential and its applications in chemical reactions and phase equilibrium.
Phase and chemical equilibrium: The concept of equilibrium and its different types, along with the criteria and conditions for phase and chemical equilibrium.
Solutions and mixtures: The thermodynamics of solutions, including the concepts of solubility, activity, and excess properties.
Electrochemistry: The thermodynamics of electrochemical processes, including the calculation of cell potentials and the Nernst equation.
Reaction kinetics: The relationship between thermodynamics and kinetics, including the concept of reaction rate and the role of activation energy.
Statistical thermodynamics: The application of statistical mechanics to thermodynamics, including the concept of partition functions and their relationship with thermodynamic properties.
Classical thermodynamics: Classical thermodynamics is the study of macroscopic systems, which describes properties such as temperature, volume, and pressure. It involves the application of laws and principles to predict the behavior of systems in equilibrium.
Statistical thermodynamics: Statistical thermodynamics is a study of the behavior of a large number of molecules or atoms on a microscopic level. This involves the use of statistical methods to predict the behavior of systems in equilibrium.
Quantum thermodynamics: Quantum thermodynamics is the study of the behavior of a system involving quantum mechanics. It involves calculating the energy levels of atoms or molecules to understand the behavior in equilibrium.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is the study of systems that are not at equilibrium. It involves the application of laws and principles to predict the behavior of systems in non-equilibrium states.
Phase Equilibria: Phase equilibria is the study of the behavior of chemical systems as they change from one state to another. It involves the study of phase diagrams and their interpretation to predict equilibrium conditions.
Thermochemistry: Thermochemistry is the study of the heat changes in chemical reactions. It involves calculating the enthalpies of reactions, which can predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium.
Electrochemistry: Electrochemistry is the study of the relationships between chemical reactions and electrical energy. It involves the analysis of redox reactions and their behavior in equilibrium.
Biothermodynamics: Biothermodynamics is the study of thermodynamic properties of biological reactions. It includes the overall energy balance of biochemical reactions, the transfer of energy between systems, and heat transfer across cell membranes.
Astrophysics thermodynamics: Astrophysics thermodynamics is the study of the thermodynamic properties of astrophysical objects. It includes analysis of thermodynamic processes in stars, black holes and other celestial bodies.
"Equilibrium thermodynamics, in origins, derives from analysis of the Carnot cycle."
"Here, typically a system, as a cylinder of gas, initially in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, is set out of balance via heat input from a combustion reaction."
"A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is to calculate, when the constraints are changed by an externally imposed intervention, what the state of the system will be once it has reached a new equilibrium."
"An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system."
"For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy."
"In equilibrium thermodynamics, by contrast, the state of the system will be considered uniform throughout, defined macroscopically by such quantities as temperature, pressure, or volume."
"Systems are studied in terms of change from one equilibrium state to another; such a change is called a thermodynamic process."
"Ruppeiner geometry is a type of information geometry used to study thermodynamics."
"It claims that thermodynamic systems can be represented by Riemannian geometry, and that statistical properties can be derived from the model."
"This geometrical model is based on the idea that there exist equilibrium states which can be represented by points on a two-dimensional surface."
"The distance between these equilibrium states is related to the fluctuation between them."
"The word equilibrium implies a state of balance."
"Then, through a series of steps, as the system settles into its final equilibrium state, work is extracted."
"In an equilibrium state, the potentials, or driving forces, within the system are in exact balance."
"When the constraints are changed by an externally imposed intervention, [the aim is] to calculate...what the state of the system will be once it has reached a new equilibrium."
"Ruppeiner geometry is a type of information geometry used to study thermodynamics and claims that thermodynamic systems can be represented by Riemannian geometry."
"The nature of the thermodynamic potential function depends on the constraints imposed on the system."
"With non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the state of the system under investigation will typically not be uniform but will vary locally...as gradients are imposed by dissipative thermodynamic fluxes."
"Statistical properties can be derived from the [Ruppeiner geometry] model."