- "Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics."
This topic covers the study of energy transformations in chemical systems, including heat, work, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
The First Law of Thermodynamics: The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. It also includes the definition of internal energy, work, and heat.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The law that states that the total entropy of a closed system will never decrease over time. It also includes the concepts of reversible and irreversible processes, as well as the Carnot cycle.
Thermodynamic State Functions: A property of a system that is independent of the path used to reach that state. Examples include internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
Enthalpy: A measure of the heat content of a system. It can be used to calculate the heat transfer in a reaction at constant pressure, and is defined as H = U + PV.
Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It can be used to calculate the spontaneity of a reaction, and is defined as S = k ln W, where W is the number of possible microscopic states.
Gibbs Free Energy: A state function that combines and balances the enthalpy and entropy of a system. It can be used to determine the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, and is defined as G = H - TS.
Thermochemistry: The study of the heat transfer in chemical reactions, and the associated changes in enthalpy and internal energy. It includes topics such as Hess's Law, calorimetry, and heat capacity.
Phase Equilibria: The study of how the composition and properties of phases of matter (such as solids, liquids, and gases) change based on temperature, pressure, and other variables. It includes topics such as phase diagrams, vapor pressure, and Raoult's Law.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics: The study of systems that are in a state of equilibrium, and the properties and behavior of those systems. It includes topics such as the chemical potential, activity coefficients, and the theories of electrochemistry and surface chemistry.
Chemical Kinetics: The study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions, and the factors that influence them. It includes topics such as reaction rates, rate laws, activation energies, and catalysis.
- "Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes."
- "The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics."
- "Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the 'fundamental equations of Gibbs' can be derived."
- "From these four, a multitude of equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system can be derived using relatively simple mathematics."
- "four equations called the 'fundamental equations of Gibbs' can be derived."
- "Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties..."
- "...but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions..."
- "...and the spontaneity of processes."
- "The interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state."
- "...the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes."
- "This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics."
- "Various thermodynamic properties."
- "...within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics."
- "...the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes."
- "Within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics."
- "The study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state."
- "The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics."
- "The first and second laws of thermodynamics."
- "Relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system."