"A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
Equilibria involving reactants and/or products in different physical states, such as gases, liquids, and solids.
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry: Understanding chemical reactions and stoichiometry is essential before delving into the concept of heterogeneous equilibrium. It involves balancing chemical equations, determining reactants and products, and understanding the mole concept.
Types of equilibria: It includes different types of equilibria such as a Homogeneous equilibrium, Heterogeneous equilibrium, and Dynamic equilibrium.
Law of Mass Action: Law of mass action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants. It is an essential principle for understanding chemical equilibrium.
Equilibrium constant: Equilibrium constant, also known as Kc, is a numerical value that describes the concentrations of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction at equilibrium.
Reaction quotient: Reaction quotient, also known as Qc, is similar to the equilibrium constant, but it describes the concentration of the reactants and products at any point in the reaction.
Le Chatelier's principle: Le Chatelier's principle states that a system at equilibrium will respond to any disturbance by shifting the equilibrium position to counteract the disturbance.
Heterogeneous equilibria: Heterogeneous equilibrium occurs when reactants and products are present in different phases, such as a gas and a liquid or a solid and a liquid.
Solubility equilibria: Solubility equilibria describe equilibrium reactions involving insoluble salts and their ions in water.
Acid-base equilibria: Acid-base equilibria involve the combination of acids and bases to produce water and a salt.
Applications of equilibrium: The applications of equilibrium include the Haber process for making ammonia, the contact process for making sulfuric acid, and the Ostwald process for making nitric acid.
Calculations involving equilibrium: Calculations involving equilibrium include finding the equilibrium constant, determining the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products, and predicting the direction of a reaction.
Equilibrium and thermodynamics: Equilibrium is also closely related to thermodynamics, and the laws of thermodynamics provide a theoretical basis for understanding equilibrium.
Ionic equilibria: Ionic equilibria refers to the equilibrium between ionic species in a solution, such as the dissociation of acids and bases.
Equilibrium in electrochemical cells: Equilibrium is critical in electrochemical cells, where chemical reactions are used to generate electricity. It includes the concepts of oxidation-reduction reactions, the Nernst equation, and the electrochemical series.
Equilibrium in biological systems: Equilibrium is also essential for understanding biological systems, such as enzyme-catalysed reactions, and the transport of gases and ions across cell membranes.
Thermodynamics of equilibrium: The thermodynamics of equilibrium involves calculating the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes during a reaction.
Equilibrium and kinetics: Equilibrium is closely related to kinetics, and a full understanding of equilibrium requires an understanding of rates of reactions and reaction mechanisms.
Equilibrium in environmental systems: Equilibrium is also essential in understanding environmental systems, such as acid rain formation and the carbon cycle.
Equilibrium in industrial processes: Equilibrium is a critical concept in many industrial processes, such as in the production of fertilizers, food additives, and pharmaceuticals.
Equilibrium and quantum mechanics: Quantum mechanics is used to understand the behaviour of atoms and molecules at equilibrium, including their electronic and vibrational states.
Gas-Gas Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when both the reactants and the products are gases present in the same container. Examples include the equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide, and the equilibrium between hydrogen and iodine.
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when one or more reactants or products are gases and the other is a liquid. Examples include the equilibrium between carbon dioxide gas and carbonic acid in water, and the equilibrium between ammonia gas and ammonium hydroxide in water.
Gas-Solid Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when one or more reactants or products are gases and the other is a solid. Examples include the equilibrium between carbon dioxide gas and calcium carbonate solid, and the equilibrium between hydrogen gas and iron oxide solid.
Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when both the reactants and the products are liquids present in the same container. Examples include the equilibrium between acetic acid and ethyl acetate, and the equilibrium between nitric acid and water.
Liquid-Solid Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when one or more reactants or products are liquids and the other is a solid. Examples include the equilibrium between water and table salt, and the equilibrium between ethanol and calcium hydroxide.
Solid-Solid Equilibrium: This type of equilibrium occurs when both the reactants and the products are solids present in the same container. Examples include the equilibrium between silver chloride and silver ions in water, and the equilibrium between lead(II) bromide and lead(II) ions in water.
"A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used..."
"...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"...solid, liquid or gaseous states..."
"...to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"...at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram in physical chemistry...is a type of chart used to show conditions..."
"A phase diagram in engineering...is a type of chart used to show conditions..."
"A phase diagram in mineralogy...is a type of chart used to show conditions..."
"A phase diagram in materials science...is a type of chart used to show conditions..."
"...at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"...at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart..."
"...thermodynamically distinct phases..."
"...at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram in materials science...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram in mineralogy...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."
"A phase diagram in physical chemistry...used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium."