- "Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms." - "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
Study of how genes and genetic traits are inherited and expressed in animals.
DNA structure and function: Understanding of the double helix structure of DNA and how it stores genetic information.
Gene expression and regulation: Understanding of how genes are turned on or off in response to a variety of internal and external signals.
Protein synthesis: Understanding of the process by which genetic information stored in DNA is translated into proteins.
Genetic variations: Understanding of the types of genetic variations that can occur, including mutations, inversions, and translocations.
Crossing over and recombination: Understanding of the process by which genes are shuffled and rearranged during meiosis.
Chromosome structure and function: Understanding of the structure and function of chromosomes, including the role of telomeres and centromeres.
Genetic disorders: Understanding of the causes and effects of genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
Evolutionary genetics: Understanding of the role that genetics plays in evolution, including natural selection and genetic drift.
Epigenetics: Understanding of how gene expression can be controlled through modifications to the DNA molecule itself, such as methylation.
Genetic engineering: Understanding of the techniques used to manipulate genetic material, including CRISPR and gene therapy.
Gene regulation networks: Understanding of the complex interactions between genes and their regulatory proteins that control gene expression.
RNA structure and function: Understanding of the structure and function of different types of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA.
Genetic markers: Understanding of the use of specific genetic sequences as markers for certain traits or diseases.
Gene expression analysis: Understanding of the techniques used to analyze gene expression, including microarrays and RNA sequencing.
Personalized medicine: Understanding of the use of genetic information to customize treatments for individuals.
Genomics: Understanding of the large-scale study of genetic material, including genome sequencing.
Comparative genomics: Understanding of the comparisons between genomes of different species to understand evolutionary relationships.
Molecular genetics: Understanding of the study of genetic material at the molecular level.
Population genetics: Understanding of the frequency of genetic variations within a population and how these variations evolve over time.
Genetic counseling: Understanding of the process by which genetic information is used to inform medical decisions and advice.
Molecular Genetics: The study of the molecular mechanisms that govern gene expression and regulation.
Population Genetics: The study of how genetic variation changes within and between populations over time.
Evolutionary Genetics: The study of how genetic variation drives evolutionary change.
Human Genetics: The study of inheritance and gene expression in humans.
Medical Genetics: The study of inherited diseases and genetic disorders.
Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that are not caused by alterations to the DNA sequence.
Behavioral Genetics: The study of how genetic variation affects behavior in animals.
Developmental Genetics: The study of how genes regulate the development of complex organisms from a single cell.
Cancer Genetics: The study of how genetic mutations can lead to the development of cancer.
Comparative Genetics: The study of similarities and differences in gene expression and regulation between different species.
Genomics: The study of the entire genetic makeup of an organism, including all its genes and non-coding sequences.
Transcriptomics: The study of the full set of mRNA transcripts produced by a cell or tissue.
Proteomics: The study of the full set of proteins produced by a cell or tissue.
Metagenomics: The study of the genetic makeup of entire microbial communities.
Synthetic Biology: The engineering of artificial genetic systems to perform specific functions.
- "Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically." - "Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time."
- "Organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete 'units of inheritance'."
- "This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes." - "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including population genetics."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."