"Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants..."
Chemical messengers that regulate plant growth and development, including growth promoters (auxins) and growth inhibitors (cytokinins).
Introduction to Plant Hormones: An overview of plant hormones, their classification, functions, and role in plant growth and development.
Auxin: The phytohormone that promotes cell elongation, regulates apical dominance, promotes root development, and regulates phototropism.
Gibberellins: Hormones that regulate stem elongation, leaf expansion, and seed germination.
Cytokinins: Hormones that promote cell division and differentiation, regulate shoot and root development, and delay senescence.
Abscisic acid (ABA): A hormone that inhibits growth and promotes dormancy, regulates water uptake in plants, and helps plants cope with environmental stresses.
Ethylene: A hormone that regulates fruit ripening, promotes leaf and flower senescence, and regulates plant growth in response to environmental stresses.
Jasmonates: Hormones that regulate plant defense against herbivores and pathogens, promote stamen and pistil development, and regulate root growth.
Brassinosteroids: Hormones that promote cell elongation, regulate stem and root growth, and enhance stress tolerance.
Strigolactones: Hormones that regulate shoot and root architecture, regulate symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi, and enhance nutrient uptake.
Hormonal crosstalk: The interactions between different plant hormones and their effect on plant growth and development.
Hormonal transport: The movement of plant hormones within the plant and its significance in coordinating plant responses.
Hormonal signaling: The mechanisms by which plant hormones regulate gene expression and plant growth and development.
Hormonal regulation of plant response to environmental cues: The role of plant hormones in regulating plant responses to light, temperature, and other environmental factors.
Hormonal control of plant reproduction: The role of plant hormones in regulating flower development, pollination, and seed development.
Hormonal regulation of plant stress response: The role of plant hormones in regulating plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and pathogen attack.
Auxins: Promote cell elongation and differentiation, control apical dominance, and help in phototropism and gravitropism.
Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation, seed germination, flower and fruit development, and delay senescence.
Cytokinins: Promote cell division and differentiation, delay senescence, regulate plant growth and development, and act synergistically with auxins.
Abscisic acid: Promotes water conservation in plants, controls seed dormancy and plays a role in stress responses.
Ethylene: Promotes senescence and fruit ripening, and is involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Brassinosteroids: Promote cell expansion and differentiation, stimulate stem elongation, and play a role in photomorphogenesis.
Jasmonates: Regulate plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Salicylic acid: Regulates defense responses against pathogens, triggers systemic acquired resistance, and is involved in plant growth and development.
Strigolactones: Regulate shoot branching, plant growth and development, and play a role in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Polyamines: Regulate cell growth, division, and differentiation, interact with other hormones, and play a role in plant stress responses.
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis, the regulation of organ size, pathogen defense, stress tolerance, and reproductive development."
"Unlike in animals (in which hormone production is restricted to specialized glands), each plant cell is capable of producing hormones."
"Went and Thimann coined the term 'phytohormone' and used it in the title of their 1937 book."
"Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom, and even in algae..."
"Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as unicellular fungi and bacteria, however in these cases they do not play a hormonal role and can better be regarded as secondary metabolites."
"Plant hormones...occur in extremely low concentrations."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including...stress tolerance..."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including...pathogen defense..."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including...the regulation of organ size..."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including...reproductive development..."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis..."
"Unlike in animals...each plant cell is capable of producing hormones."
"Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as unicellular fungi..."
"Unlike in animals...each plant cell is capable of producing hormones."
"...in these cases [microorganisms], they do not play a hormonal role and can better be regarded as secondary metabolites."
"Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom..."
"Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom, and even in algae..."
"Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as...bacteria..."
"Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including..."