"Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers."
The processes by which plants grow and develop from seeds, including cell division, elongation, differentiation and morphogenesis.
Introduction to Plant Physiology: This covers the basics of plant growth, development, and function such as the different organs, tissues and their functions and the interactions between different plant parts.
Photosynthesis: This refers to the process by which plants produce their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It is the key energy source for all other plant processes.
Respiration: This refers to the process by which plants release energy stored in plant material. It occurs in both plant and animal cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis.
Plant Water Relations: This looks at how plants absorb, transport and lose water to the environment, as well as how they regulate their water balance.
Mineral Nutrition: This looks at the uptake, transport and use of essential plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Growth and Development: This looks at the different stages of plant growth, including the formation of seeds and the development of flowers and fruit.
Hormones and Growth Regulators: This refers to the chemical signals that control plant growth and development. Examples of these include auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins.
Plant Pathology: This looks at the causes and effects of plant diseases on growth and development.
Ecophysiology: This looks at how plants interact with their environment and how different environmental factors influence growth and development.
Plant Biotechnology: This refers to the use of biological systems, such as genetic engineering, to improve plant growth, yield, and quality.
Ecology and Plant Communities: This looks at how plants interact with other organisms in their communities and how they are affected by changes in their environment.
Plant Anatomy and Morphology: This covers the structure of plants from the cellular to the whole plant level, as well as the physical form and appearance of plants.
Plant Genetics and Genomics: This looks at how genes and genetic information shape plant characteristics and functions, including their response to environmental stress.
Plant-Soil Interactions: This looks at the properties of soils and how they interact with plant roots to support growth and development.
Stress Physiology: This looks at how plants respond to different types of stress, such as drought, salinity and temperature stress, and how they adapt to these conditions.
Photosynthesis: The conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants to synthesize organic compounds.
Respiration: The process of breaking down organic compounds to release energy for plant growth and development.
Transpiration: The loss of water by plants in the form of vapor through small pores in leaves.
Seed germination: The process by which a seed grows into a new plant.
Vegetative growth: The period of growth in a plant before it starts to produce flowers or fruit.
Reproductive growth: The stage in a plant's life when it produces flowers and fruits.
Dormancy: A period of arrested growth in a plant, often triggered by environmental factors.
Senescence: The process of aging in plants, which eventually leads to death.
Budding: The growth of a new branch or shoot from an existing one.
Root growth: The extension of roots into the soil to absorb water and nutrients.
Stem elongation: The elongation of the plant stem to reach sunlight for photosynthesis.
Flowering: The process of producing flowers, which are the reproductive organs of a plant.
Fruit development: The process by which flowers develop into fruits.
Leaf development: The growth and development of leaves to produce food for the plant.
Tropism: The growth response of a plant to stimuli such as light or gravity.
Auxin transport: The regulation of plant growth and development by the hormone auxin.
Hydraulic architecture: The movement of water through the plant, which is essential for its survival.
Nutrient absorption: The process by which plants absorb and utilize minerals from the soil.
Photosynthetic pigments: Pigments such as chlorophyll that are essential for photosynthesis.
Plant stress responses: The adaptive responses of plants to environmental stress such as drought, heat, or cold.
"Meristems are located at the tips of organs or between mature tissues."
"Plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life."
"A living plant always has embryonic tissues."
"An animal embryo will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life."
"When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts."
"After birth, animals will only grow larger and more mature."
"Both plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently."
"A developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification."
"Plant physiologist A. Carl Leopold defined the properties of organization."
"The properties of organization seen in a plant are emergent properties which are more than the sum of the individual parts."
"The characteristics of the separate parts and processes would not have been predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts."
"The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields... quite a new set of characteristics."
"The assembly of these tissues and functions... yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes..."
"Also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts."
"Plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life."
"Meristems are located at the tips of organs or between mature tissues."
"A living plant always has embryonic tissues."
"An animal embryo will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life."
"A developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification."