"Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water."
Study of relationships between organisms and their environment in the marine ecosystem.
Oceanography: The study of the physical and chemical properties of the ocean, including its currents, waves, and tides.
Marine biodiversity: The variety of life forms that inhabit marine ecosystems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Marine biogeography: The study of the distribution and evolution of marine species and ecosystems.
Marine conservation: The management and preservation of marine ecosystems and resources.
Marine ecosystems: The interactions between living and non-living components of marine environments, including coral reefs, kelp forests, and estuaries.
Marine fisheries: The study of fish populations, fisheries management, and sustainable fishing practices.
Marine pollution: The impact of human activities on marine environments, including pollution from oil spills, plastic waste, and other contaminants.
Marine zoology: The study of marine animals, their behavior, physiology, and ecology.
Marine botany: The study of marine plants, their distribution, and ecological roles.
Marine microbiology: The study of microorganisms in marine environments, including bacteria, viruses, and protists.
Marine biotechnology: The use of marine organisms and resources to develop new products and technologies, such as medicines and biofuels.
Marine geology: The study of the geologic processes and structures that shape marine environments, including seafloor spreading, ocean crust formation, and continental shelf erosion.
Marine aquaculture: The farming of marine organisms, including fish, shellfish, and seaweed, for food or other products.
Marine tourism: The economic and social impact of recreational activities, such as diving and fishing, on marine ecosystems and local communities.
Marine science policy: The development and implementation of laws, regulations, and policies related to the management and protection of marine ecosystems and resources.
Biological Oceanography: It focuses on the study of marine organisms, their behavior, physiology, and the ecological relationships between them.
Marine Biogeochemistry: It focuses on the study of the interaction between living and non-living components of the ocean, including the study of the cycling of elements such as carbon and nitrogen.
Marine Conservation: It focuses on the safeguarding of marine ecosystems and the mitigation of human impacts on those ecosystems.
Marine Fisheries Ecology: It focuses on the study of the ecology of fish populations, specifically their growth, reproduction, and interactions with other species in the ecosystem.
Marine Microbial Ecology: It focuses on the study of microbes that live in the ocean, including bacteria, viruses, and plankton.
Marine Physiology: It focuses on the study of how marine organisms function, adapt, and respond to changes in their environment.
Marine Pollution Ecology: It focuses on the study of the sources, distribution, and effects of pollution in the marine environment.
Marine Systematics: It focuses on the classification and evolutionary relationships of different species within the marine ecosystem.
Oceanography: It focuses on the physical and chemical properties of seawater, including its circulation patterns, tides, waves, and currents.
Paleoceanography: It focuses on the study of past oceanography and the evolution of marine life over geological time.
"Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons."
"Classes of organisms found in marine ecosystems include brown algae, dinoflagellates, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms, and sharks."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply."
"In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may occur where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the base of the food web."
"Marine ecosystems are important sources of ecosystem services and food and jobs for significant portions of the global population."
"Environmental problems concerning marine ecosystems include unsustainable exploitation of marine resources, marine pollution, climate change, and building on coastal areas."
"The international community has prioritized 'Life below water' as Sustainable Development Goal 14."
"The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tides."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 90% of habitable space on Earth."
"Human uses of marine ecosystems and pollution in marine ecosystems are significant threats to the stability of these ecosystems."
"The goal is to 'Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.'"
"Animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live in the oceanic zone."
"Marine ecosystems are characterized by the biological community of organisms that they are associated with and their physical environment."
"Because of the opportunities in marine ecosystems for humans..."
"Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features."
"Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems."
"Ocean chemistry is changing through processes like ocean acidification which in turn threatens marine ecosystems."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply."
"Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water."