"Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype."
The study of DNA structure, replication, and transcription, and the regulation of gene expression.
DNA structure and function: Understanding the basic structure and function of DNA, including the nucleotide structure, double helix structure, complementary base pairing, replication, transcription, and translation.
Gene expression: Understanding how genes are expressed and regulated, how the process of transcription and translation are regulated, and how different environmental and developmental factors affect gene expression.
Chromosomes and the genome: Understanding the structure of chromosomes, the organization of the genome, and how information is stored and transmitted.
Epigenetics: Understanding how modifications of DNA and histones affect gene expression and how they can be inherited from one generation to another.
Genetic variation: Understanding the different types of genetic variation, such as mutations, polymorphisms, and copy number variants, and their effects on gene expression and disease.
RNA structure and function: Understanding the different types of RNA, including rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA, and their roles in gene expression.
Protein structure and function: Understanding the basic structure and function of proteins, the different types of proteins, and how they are synthesized.
Gene regulation: Understanding the different mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including transcription factors, signal transduction pathways, chromatin remodeling, and RNA interference.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology: Understanding the applications of genetic engineering and biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry, including gene therapy, genetically modified organisms, and DNA sequencing.
Evolution and genetics: Understanding how genetics and evolution are related, how mutations and natural selection shape genetic diversity and adaptation, and how genetic variation can affect speciation and biodiversity.
"These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional non-coding RNA."
"Gene expression is summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology first formulated by Francis Crick in 1958."
"The process of gene expression is used by all known life—eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses..."
"In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait."
"Such phenotypes are often displayed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's structure and development, or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways."
"All steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (regulated), including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein."
"Regulation of gene expression gives control over the timing, location, and amount of a given gene product (protein or ncRNA) present in a cell and can have a profound effect on the cellular structure and function."
"Regulation of gene expression is the basis for cellular differentiation, development, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism."
- How is gene expression modulated in transcription? - What is the role of RNA splicing in gene expression? - How does translation contribute to gene expression? - What are the post-translational modifications involved in gene expression? (Note: Quotes for questions 10-20 are not available in the given paragraph)