"The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life."
An examination of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that drive cellular processes like metabolism, cell division, and communication.
Cell structure: The basic structure of a cell and its various organelles.
Membrane structure and function: The structure and function of different types of cellular membranes.
Transport processes: How molecules move in and out of cells.
Energy and metabolism: How cells generate and use energy.
DNA replication and cell division: The processes that cells use to replicate and divide their DNA.
Protein synthesis: The process by which cells make proteins.
Signal transduction: How cells communicate with each other through the exchange of chemical signals.
Gene expression: How genes are turned on or off in response to different cellular signals.
Cell cycle regulation: How cells control their progression through different phases of the cell cycle.
Cell differentiation and development: The processes by which cells specialize and form different tissues and organs.
Cellular interactions within tissues: How cells interact with each other to form functional tissues.
Cancer biology: How cells become cancerous and how cancer cells behave differently from normal cells.
Cell death and apoptosis: The different mechanisms by which cells die.
Stem cells: How these cells differentiate into different cell types and their potential therapeutic applications.
Cellular immunology: The role of cells in the immune system and their interactions with foreign substances.
Metabolism: The set of chemical reactions that occur within the cell to maintain life.
Cell division: The process by which cells divide to form two or more daughter cells.
DNA replication: The duplication of DNA to provide identical copies of genetic material.
Protein synthesis: The process by which amino acids are linked together to form proteins.
Transcription: The process by which genetic information in DNA is transferred to RNA.
Translation: The process by which RNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Transport: The movement of molecules across the cell membrane and within the cell.
Signal transduction: The process by which cells receive and respond to extracellular signals.
Cell differentiation: The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
Apoptosis: The programmed cell death that occurs during development, tissue maintenance, and response to injury.
Cell cycle: The series of events that enable cells to grow, replicate genetic material, and divide into two daughter cells.
Cell signaling: The communication between cells that guides physiological processes such as embryonic development, immune responses, and stress responses.
Cytoskeleton dynamics: The organization and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton within the cell.
Endocytosis/exocytosis: The process by which cells bring substances in or out of the cell by engulfing or releasing them.
Membrane transport: The movement of molecules across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Energy production: The process by which cells produce and use energy to carry out cellular processes.
Cell adhesion and motility: The dynamic processes that enable cells to adhere to one another and to move within tissues.
DNA repair: The processes that maintain the integrity of DNA and repair DNA damage.
Cell communication: The complex signaling pathways that enable cells to communicate with one another and interact within tissues.
Immune response: The complex series of cellular processes that enable the immune system to detect and respond to pathogens and other threats.
"Every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and metabolites."
"The term comes from the Latin word cellula meaning 'small room'."
"Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, protein synthesis, and motility."
"Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a light microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres."
"Electron microscopy gives a much higher resolution showing greatly detailed cell structure."
"Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals)."
"It has been estimated that the human body contains around 37 trillion (3.72×1013) cells."
"The human brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells."
"Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665."
"He named them for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery."
"Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells."
"Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago."
"The study of cells and how they work has led to many other studies in related areas of biology, including: discovery of DNA, cancer systems biology, aging and developmental biology. (Note: This quote does not directly respond to the question but provides relevant information.)
"Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann..."
"Cells are capable of specialization and mobility within the cell."
"Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms."
"Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication..."
"Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as...DNA repair, protein synthesis, and motility."
"The study of cells and how they work has led to many other studies in related areas of biology, including...cancer systems biology, aging and developmental biology."