- "Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms."
The study of the immune system and its response to invading pathogens.
Anatomy and Physiology: Study of the structure and function of the organs and tissues involved in the immune system.
Cells of the Immune System: Study of the different types of cells involved in the immune response, including white blood cells, lymphocytes, and phagocytes.
The Innate Immune Sytem: Study of the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens, including skin and mucosal barriers, as well as non-specific immune cells.
The Adaptive Immune System: Study of the immune response that is activated in response to specific pathogens, including the production of antibodies and the activation of specific immune cells.
Antigen Recognition: Study of how the immune system recognizes and responds to specific foreign substances, or antigens.
Antibodies: Study of the proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to specific antigens, helping to destroy pathogens or marking them for destruction.
Immunological Memory: Study of the ability of the immune system to remember and respond more quickly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered before.
Autoimmunity: Study of the immune system's ability to attack the body's own cells and tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases.
Immunodeficiency: Study of conditions where the immune system is compromised, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
Vaccines: Study of how vaccines work to stimulate the immune system to produce protective immunity to specific pathogens, helping to prevent disease.
Immunotherapy: Study of how biotechnology can be used to manipulate the immune system to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other illnesses.
Immune-related Disorders: Study of how the immune system can impact health outcomes in a range of diseases, from infectious diseases to chronic conditions such as cancer.
Immunogenetics: Study of how genetic variation can influence the immune system and immune-related diseases.
Immunological Techniques: Study of the laboratory techniques used to study the immune system, including immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and ELISA.
Clinical Immunology: This type focuses on diagnosing, managing, and treating different immunological disorders such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions, and primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Molecular Immunology: This type studies the molecules and mechanisms involved in the immune response. This includes studying the structure, function, and regulation of antibodies, cytokines, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens.
Immunogenetics: This type studies the genetics of the immune system and how it affects disease susceptibility and immune responses. This includes studying the role of different genes and their polymorphisms in various immunological disorders.
Immunopathology: This type studies the pathological mechanisms underlying various immunological disorders. This includes studying the cellular and molecular processes involved in inflammation, tissue damage, and autoimmune reactions.
Immunotherapy: This type focuses on the development of different therapies that target the immune system to treat various diseases. This includes studying the mechanisms of action of different immunomodulatory agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory cytokines, and T-cell therapies.
Transplant Immunology: This type studies the immunological mechanisms involved in transplant rejection and acceptance. This includes studying the role of different immune cells and factors, such as T cells, B cells, cytokines, and MHC antigens, in transplant outcomes.
Vaccine Immunology: This type focuses on the development of vaccines and their mechanism of action. This includes studying the immune response elicited by different vaccines, such as live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, or conjugate vaccines.
Host Defense Immunology: This type focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system can protect the host against different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. This includes studying the roles of different innate and adaptive immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells.
Neuroimmunology: This type investigates the interactions between the nervous and immune systems, and their role in various neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and depression.
Cancer Immunology: This type studies the role of the immune system in detecting and destroying cancer cells. This includes studying the mechanisms of action of different immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and cancer vaccines.
- "Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases."
- "Malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection)."
- "The physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system."
- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology."
- "The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov."
- "Unusual cells surrounding the thorns."
- "He first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body."
- "Ehrlich accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become 'ricin-proof'."
- "He received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908 with Paul Ehrlich."
- "Prior to the designation of immunity, from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for 'exempt'."
- "The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver."
- "However, many components of the immune system are cellular in nature."
- "Embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."
- "The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver."
- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation."
- "Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases."
- "The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov."
- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology."
- "Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months."