"Endemism is the state of being a species found in a single defined geographic location..."
The ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location.
Biogeography: Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
Endemism: Endemism refers to the characteristic of being endemic, which means belonging or native to a specific region or habitat.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth, including the diversity of species, the genetic diversity within species and the variety of ecosystems and ecological processes.
Evolution: Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over time in response to environmental pressures and genetic variation.
Species distribution: Species distribution refers to the geographical distribution of a species, including its range, habitat, abundance, and population dynamics.
Biogeographic regions: Biogeographic regions are large areas of the earth's surface that are characterized by distinctive patterns of species distribution and biotic communities.
Island biogeography: Island biogeography is the study of the distribution, diversity, and evolution of species on islands, which are particularly interesting because of their isolation and small size.
Climate change: Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place, including changes in rainfall, wind patterns, and other elements of the earth's climate system.
Anthropogenic impacts: Anthropogenic impacts refer to the effects of human activities on the natural world, including habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.
Conservation biology: Conservation biology is the scientific study of the protection and management of biodiversity, including strategies for mitigating the impacts of human activities on endangered species and ecosystems.
Biogeographic history: Biogeographic history refers to the evolutionary and geological processes that have shaped the distribution and diversity of life on earth over time.
Dispersal and colonization: Dispersal and colonization refer to the movement of organisms from one area to another, including the colonization of new habitats and the formation of new species.
Species richness: Species richness refers to the number of species present in a given region, ecosystem, or community.
Ecoregions: Ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water that contain a distinct set of ecological communities and species that are adapted to local environmental conditions.
Phylogeography: Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that have shaped the geographic distribution of genetic variation within and among populations of species.
Biogeographic barriers: Biogeographic barriers are natural or artificial features that prevent or hinder the movement of organisms between different regions or ecosystems, including mountains, rivers, deserts, and oceans.
Biogeography and biotic interactions: Biogeography and biotic interactions refer to the ways in which different species interact with one another, including competition, predation, mutualism, and coevolution.
Biogeography and macroecology: Biogeography and macroecology refer to the study of large-scale patterns and processes in species distribution, biodiversity, and ecological communities.
Biogeography and conservation planning: Biogeography and conservation planning refer to the application of biogeographic principles and tools to the design and implementation of conservation strategies and protected areas.
Island Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular island(s).
Continental Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular continent(s).
Hotspot Endemism: A type of endemism where a particular area has a high concentration of endemic species.
Relict Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are found in an area where they once had a wider distribution.
Paleoendemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species have evolved in a certain area over a long period of time.
Neoendemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species have evolved in a certain area relatively recently.
Edaphic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular type of soil or substrate.
Altitudinal Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a certain altitude range on a mountain.
Aquatic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular body of water such as a lake or a river.
Desert Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular desert or arid region.
Karst Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular karst landscape.
Glacier Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular glacier or region affected by glacial activity.
Volcanic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular volcanic region.
Phylogenetic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a particular lineage or a clade in the evolutionary tree.
Hybrid Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are the result of hybridization between different species or populations.
Endemism at the subspecific level: A type of endemism where a subspecies or a variety of a species is restricted to a particular region.
Cryptic Endemism: A type of endemism where the species or the group of species looks similar to other species but is unique in terms of genetics, behavior, or ecology.
Disjunct Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to geographically separated areas.
Oceanic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to a certain depth range or a particular area in the open ocean.
Anthropogenic Endemism: A type of endemism where a species or a group of species are restricted to areas that were created or heavily modified by human activity.
"...such as an island, state, nation, country, or other defined zone..."
"Organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere."
"For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be endemic to that particular part of the world."
"Other terms that sometimes are used interchangeably, but less often, include autochthonal, autochthonic, and indigenous..."
"The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range."
"A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is 'precinctive', which applies to species... restricted to a defined geographical area."
"However, these terms do not reflect the status of a species that specifically belongs only to a determined place." Note: Since the paragraph is quite short and does not contain direct quotes to answer all study questions, I have rephrased some of the questions for a better understanding.