"Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors."
The study of the relationships between forests, their biotic and abiotic components, and the processes that affect their health and productivity, including pests, diseases, and climate change.
Basic botany: The study of plants, including their anatomy, physiology, and morphology.
Ecology: The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, including forest ecosystems.
Silviculture: The management and cultivation of forests for commercial, ecological, and recreational purposes.
Dendrology: The study of trees and woody plants, including their identification, ecology, and physiology.
Entomology: The study of insects and their interactions with forest ecosystems.
Plant pathology: The study of plant diseases and their causes, including fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Soil science: The study of soils, including their formation, properties, and interactions with other environmental factors.
Hydrology: The study of water in forest ecosystems, including precipitation, runoff, and water quality.
Air pollution: The study of the effects of pollutants on forest health, including acid rain and ozone.
Climate change: The study of the effects of global warming on forest ecosystems, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and drought.
Insect Defoliation: This occurs when insects eat the leaves of trees, reducing their ability to produce food through photosynthesis.
Disease: Forest diseases are caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria or other pathogens. Common diseases include Dutch elm disease and powdery mildew.
Wildfire: Wildfires destroy forests by burning trees, shrubs, and grasses, causing long-term ecological damage.
Drought Stress: Trees depend on water and a lack of it can lead to drought stress. It causes trees to drop leaves, limit growth, and sometimes die.
Climate Change: Climate change affects forest health in several ways, including drought, wildfire, and insect infestations.
Anthropogenic Stress: Human activities like construction, logging, and pollution can affect forest health.
Pollution: Air and water pollution can cause forest decline and reduced productivity.
Natural Disasters: Natural disasters like storms, hurricanes and landslides can knock down trees causing physical damage and destruction.
Soil Erosion: Soil erosion occurs when water or wind removes topsoil, leading to nutrient depletion of trees.
Overgrazing: Overgrazing can lead to the disappearance of forests and meadows. Livestock over-consume vegetation, thus reducing the overall productivity of the ecosystem.
Invasive Species: Invasive species like vines or animals adversely impact forest productivity and alter the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem.
Indigenous Practices: Ecologically sound indigenous forest management practices can positively influence forest health by reducing deforestation and overfishing.
"Primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors."
"Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection."
"Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015..."
"...mainly in the temperate and boreal domains."
"It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology."
"...both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem."
"primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors."
"Insects, diseases and severe weather events..."
"...damaged about 40 million ha of forests..."
"...mainly in the temperate and boreal domains."
"It is a subfield of... plant pathology."
"Insects, diseases and severe weather events."
"...affecting the health of a forest ecosystem."
"...primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors."
"...by studying both biotic and abiotic maladies."
"...mainly in the temperate and boreal domains."
"It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology."
"The health of a forest ecosystem."
"...in 2015."