"Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics."
A study of the genetic basis of plant traits and how they can be manipulated through breeding to improve crop yields, disease resistance, and other factors.
Introduction to Genetics: This topic provides an overview of genetics and helps understand the fundamental principles of inheritance, evolution, and genetic variation.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: This topic explains the conditions and assumptions under which a population retains genetic equilibrium, and how deviations from these assumptions cause evolution.
DNA structure and function: This topic provides a detailed understanding of the structure and function of DNA, including replication, transcription, and translation.
Gene Expression: This topic explains how genes regulate the production of proteins and how they influence the phenotype of an organism.
Gene Mapping and Linkage Analysis: This topic explores the methods used to identify the location of genes relative to each other on a chromosome.
Heredity and Inheritance Patterns: This topic examines the mechanisms of inheritance and the inheritance patterns of single genes and complex traits.
Biomass production and yield optimization: This topic deals with the methods of preparing and improving the growth of crops, including soil preparation, fertilization, and pest management.
Crop improvement: This topic highlights the process of making desirable genetic changes in plants through breeding and genetic engineering.
Genetic diversity: This topic explores the importance of genetic diversity in crop management and breeding.
Genetic engineering: This topic describes the different techniques used to modify the genome of a plant, such as gene editing and transgenic technology.
Genomics and Proteomics: This topic provides details about the study of the full complement of DNA and protein sequences in an organism, and how this information can be used to improve crop management and breeding.
Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): This topic outlines the tools and technologies used in MAS to identify and select for specific traits in plants.
Population genetics: This topic deals with the study of allele and phenotype frequencies in populations, and how these frequencies change over time.
Quantitative genetics: This topic describes the principles and methods used to study the inheritance and variation of complex traits in plants.
Plant breeding methods: This topic describes various breeding methods such as mass selection, hybridization, pedigree methods, and backcross breeding.
Seed production and distribution: This topic covers the techniques and regulations of seed production and distribution in crops.
Biotechnology and bioinformatics: This topic focuses on the application of computer science and statistics in biology, and helps to understand genetic data analysis and gene expression profiling.
Biostatistics: This topic provides an overview of statistical methods used in crop management and breeding, including experimental design, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS): This topic explains how GWAS is used to identify the genomic regions associated with a particular trait in crops.
Molecular breeding: This topic describes the application of molecular markers in crop breeding, including QTL mapping, MAS, and genomic selection.
Classical Genetics: The study of how traits are passed down through generations of individuals.
Molecular Genetics: The study of the structure and function of genes.
Population Genetics: The study of genetic variation within and between populations.
Quantitative Genetics: The study of complex traits that involve multiple genes, and their interactions with the environment.
Evolutionary Genetics: The study of the genetic mechanisms that drive evolution, such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Animal Breeding: The application of genetics to improve the production and performance of livestock animals.
Plant Breeding: The application of genetics to improve the yield, quality, and other desirable traits of crops.
Genetic Engineering: The process of manipulating genetic material to introduce new traits or modify existing ones.
Genomics: The study of the structure, function, and evolution of the entire genome of an organism.
Molecular Breeding: The use of molecular markers to select for desired traits in breeding programs.
Marker-Assisted Selection: The use of molecular markers to identify desirable traits in breeding programs.
Genome Editing: The process of using enzymes to modify a specific region of an organism's DNA.
Mutation Breeding: The induction of mutations in plants and animals to create new genetic variation for breeding purposes.
Hybridization: The crossing of genetically diverse individuals to create offspring with desirable traits.
Genome-Wide Association Studies: The identification of genetic markers associated with specific traits using large-scale genomic data.
"The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications."
"The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing."
"Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques."
"Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have."
"It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations, or research centers."
"International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions."
"Without plant breeding, Europe would have produced 20% fewer arable crops over the last 20 years, consuming an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitting 4 billion tonnes (3.9×109 long tons; 4.4×109 short tons) of carbon."
"Wheat species created for Morocco are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France."
"Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of France, are now grown in southern Germany."
"It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals."
"Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties."
"Methods [of plant breeding] make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes."
"End-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers)."
"Those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, and ease of processing."
"Individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers."
"Breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant, or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions."
"Without plant breeding, Europe would have consumed an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitted 4 billion tonnes (3.9×109 long tons; 4.4×109 short tons) of carbon."
"Wheat species created for Morocco are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France."
"Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of France, are now grown in southern Germany."