"Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water."
The study of the relationships between marine organisms and their environment, including interactions with other species and adaptations to changes in the ecosystem.
Oceanographic processes: Understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in the ocean and how they affect marine organisms and ecosystems.
Marine biodiversity: Understanding the diversity of marine organisms, their distribution, and adaptation to different marine environments.
Marine communities: Understanding the interactions between different marine organisms, and how they form complex communities and ecosystems.
Marine food chains and food webs: Understanding the transfer of energy and nutrients within marine ecosystems.
Marine biogeochemistry: Understanding the cycling of elements and compounds, such as carbon and nitrogen, in marine ecosystems.
Marine conservation: Understanding the importance of marine conservation, and the different approaches to conservation.
Fisheries and aquaculture: Understanding the management of marine resources, and the practices involved in sustainable fishing and aquaculture.
Marine pollution: Understanding the different types of marine pollution, its impacts on marine ecosystems, and the management strategies to reduce pollution.
Climate change: Understanding the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and organisms, and the adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Marine spatial planning: Understanding the use of marine resources and the potential conflicts between different activities in the marine environment.
Biological oceanography: Biological oceanography is the interdisciplinary study of marine organisms and their interactions with the oceanic environment, aiming to understand the distribution, behavior, and ecological processes in marine ecosystems.
Chemical oceanography: Chemical oceanography explores the composition, distribution, and interactions of chemicals in the ocean and its impact on marine ecosystems, including the effects of transportation-related pollutants.
Physical oceanography: Physical oceanography is the study of physical processes and phenomena in the ocean, such as temperature, salinity, currents, and waves.
Marine geology and geomorphology: Marine geology and geomorphology is the study of the geological processes and landforms shaping the underwater landscape and seafloor.
Marine sedimentology: Marine sedimentology is the study of the composition, characteristics, and processes involving sediments found in marine environments, such as oceans, seas, and estuaries, and their impact on marine ecology.
Marine geochemistry: Marine geochemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions that occur in the ocean, which directly influence marine ecosystems and their health.
Marine microbiology: Marine microbiology focuses on studying the diverse and crucial microorganisms in marine environments, addressing their roles, interactions, and impacts on marine ecology, including their influence on transportation-related activities.
Marine meteorology: Marine meteorology is the study of weather patterns, atmospheric conditions, and their impact on marine ecosystems and transportation systems at sea.
Fishery science and management: Fishery science and management refers to the study and implementation of strategies to sustainably manage, conserve, and optimize fish populations and their habitats for ecological and economic purposes.
Marine pollution and toxicology: Marine pollution and toxicology refers to the study of harmful substances and their effects on marine ecosystems and organisms as a result of human activities, such as transportation, leading to environmental degradation.
Marine conservation and ecology: Marine conservation and ecology focuses on understanding and protecting the marine ecosystem and its biodiversity from negative impacts caused by human activities, including transportation, to maintain healthy and sustainable oceans.
Marine biotechnology: Marine biotechnology involves the application of biological processes and organisms from marine environments to develop innovative solutions in transportation and marine ecology.
Marine aquaculture: Marine aquaculture refers to the farming and cultivation of various organisms in marine environments, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, for food production and environmental purposes.
Marine geography: Marine geography focuses on the spatial distribution and interactions of various physical and biological components within marine ecosystems.
Marine hydrodynamics: Marine hydrodynamics refers to the study of fluid behavior and its effects on marine vessels, structures, and ecosystems, aiming to optimize their design, performance, and environmental impact.
Marine transportation: Marine transportation involves the movement of goods, people, and resources across bodies of water, impacting marine ecosystems through pollution, habitat degradation, and potential collisions with marine life.
Marine geotechnics: Marine geotechnics focuses on studying seabed sediments, their characteristics, and behaviors to understand their effects on coastal and offshore structures, foundations, and infrastructure.
Marine geophysics: Marine geophysics is the study of the physical properties and processes of the Earth's oceans, seafloor, and underlying geology.
Marine resources: Marine resources refers to the various living and non-living components of the ocean environment that are essential for sustaining life and supporting economic activities, including fish, shellfish, minerals, oil, and gas.
Marine laws and regulations.: Marine laws and regulations encompass legal frameworks responsible for protecting marine ecosystems, managing commercial activities, and regulating the transportation of goods and people in marine environments.
"Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons."
"Classes of organisms found in marine ecosystems include brown algae, dinoflagellates, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms, and sharks."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply."
"In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may occur where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the base of the food web."
"Marine ecosystems are important sources of ecosystem services and food and jobs for significant portions of the global population."
"Environmental problems concerning marine ecosystems include unsustainable exploitation of marine resources, marine pollution, climate change, and building on coastal areas."
"The international community has prioritized 'Life below water' as Sustainable Development Goal 14."
"The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tides."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 90% of habitable space on Earth."
"Human uses of marine ecosystems and pollution in marine ecosystems are significant threats to the stability of these ecosystems."
"The goal is to 'Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.'"
"Animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live in the oceanic zone."
"Marine ecosystems are characterized by the biological community of organisms that they are associated with and their physical environment."
"Because of the opportunities in marine ecosystems for humans..."
"Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features."
"Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems."
"Ocean chemistry is changing through processes like ocean acidification which in turn threatens marine ecosystems."
"Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply."
"Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water."