"Air traffic management (ATM) aims at ensuring the safe and efficient flow or air traffic."
The management of air traffic, including air traffic control systems, air traffic flow management, and airspace management.
Basic aviation knowledge: This includes an understanding of the physics and principles of flight, the functions of various aircraft components, and the types of aircraft.
Aircraft performance: An understanding of the parameters that affect an aircraft's performance, including altitude, flight path, speed, weight, and air density.
Navigation and communication: This involves an understanding of the different navigation systems used in aviation, such as VOR, GPS, and inertial navigation. It also includes understanding radio communication protocols and procedures.
Air traffic control: An understanding of the roles and responsibilities of different air traffic control personnel, as well as the procedures and regulations they follow.
Airport management: This involves an understanding of the different aspects of airport management, such as runway design, terminal operations, and ground handling.
Safety management: This involves an understanding of the different safety procedures and guidelines that are used in aviation, including risk management, hazard identification, and incident investigation.
Human factors: This involves an understanding of how human factors, such as fatigue, stress, and workload, can affect aviation safety.
Weather and meteorology: An understanding of the different weather patterns, how they affect aviation, and how to interpret weather data and forecasts.
Airspace management: This involves an understanding of the different airspace classifications, air traffic separation, and other relevant airspace regulations.
Aircraft systems and maintenance: This involves an understanding of the different systems within an aircraft, such as engines, hydraulics, and avionics, as well as maintenance procedures and regulations.
Airport security: An understanding of the different security measures in place in airports and how they affect aviation operations.
Aviation law and regulations: This involves an understanding of the different regulations and laws governing aviation, including international agreements, national laws, and local ordinances.
Air Traffic Control (ATC): ATC is responsible for directing aircraft and maintaining separation between aircraft in the airspace around airports and within the en route phase of the flight.
Airspace Management: Airspace management encompasses the designation and establishment of airspace, as well as the allocation and coordination of its use.
Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM): ATFM is designed to regulate the flow of air traffic in order to ensure that air traffic flows with the least possible delays and disruptions.
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS): CNS systems are responsible for providing communication between aircraft and air traffic management, as well as aiding aircraft in navigation and surveillance.
Aircraft Operations Centers: Aircraft Operations Centers handle dispatching and coordination of aircraft, as well as monitoring of flight operations.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance: Broadcast (ADS-B): ADS-B is an advanced surveillance technology that uses satellite-based technology to track aircraft in flight.
Arrival and Departure Management: This type of air traffic management is focused solely on the management of arrivals and departures from an airport.
Air Traffic Engineering: This is the field of aviation engineering that deals with the design, development and maintenance of air traffic management systems and infrastructure.
Flight Service Stations (FSS): FSS are tasked with providing flight services including weather briefings, flight plans and other flight-related services.
Meteorological Services: Meteorological services provide real-time weather data to air traffic management to help ensure safe and efficient flight operations.
"It encompasses three types of services: air traffic services (ATS), airspace management (ASM), and air traffic flow and capacity management (ATFCM)."
"Air traffic services (ATS) include air traffic control (ATC), air traffic advisory services, flight information services, and alerting services."
"The purpose of airspace management (ASM) is to allocate air routes, zones, flight levels to different airspace users and the airspace structure."
"Air traffic flow and capacity management (ATFCM) consists of regulating the flow of aircraft as efficiently as possible to avoid congestion in airspace and airports."
"The Chicago Convention 1944 required each state to provide air navigation services for their own state."
"Early air navigation service providers (ANSPs) were state-controlled monopolies."
"En-route navigation is still offered by state-run monopolies."
"In Europe, the organization of ATM is highly fragmented, with each member state having its own ANSPs operating airport towers and centers under various ownership models."
"The 37 European ANSPs operate 60 control centers in 10.8 million km²."
"The five largest ANSPs (DFS in Germany, DSNA in France, ENAIRE in Spain, ENAV in Italy, and NATS in the UK) bear 60% of total European gate-to-gate service provision costs and operate 54% of European traffic."
"The remaining 40% of gate-to-gate traffic costs are borne by 32 smaller ANSPs."
"Such fragmentation leads to delays and costs EUR 4 bn a year."
"The Single European Sky program was due to be delivered in 2020 but despite extensive collaboration and research, this has not yet been successful."
"ATM encompasses both airspace and ground airport operations."
"Since the rise of computer sciences, risk management and decision-making are software-assisted."
"Recent system developments balance interests of airspace and runways on one side, and capacity overloads for taxiway network and terminals on the other."