"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere."
The study of how the Sun and Earth interact with each other, in particular the effects of solar activity on Earth's environment.
Solar Physics: The study of the physical properties and behavior of the Sun, including its magnetic fields, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections.
Geomagnetism: The study of Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind and other space weather phenomena.
Solar Wind: The stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun and its effects on Earth's magnetic field.
Ionosphere: The layer of Earth's atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation and impacts radio communication and navigation.
Magnetosphere: The region surrounding Earth that is dominated by its magnetic field and shields the planet from harmful solar radiation.
Radiation Belts: The zones of high-energy particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field, including the Van Allen belts.
Auroras: The spectacular displays of light in the sky caused by the interaction of solar wind and Earth's magnetic field.
Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO): A NASA mission that observes the Sun in stereoscopic vision, providing 3D images of solar storms and their impact on Earth.
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): A NASA mission that studies the Sun's magnetic field, plasma, and energy and its effects on Earth's environment.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO): A joint mission between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) to observe the Sun and its effect on the solar system.
Solar Probe Plus (SPP): A NASA mission to investigate the Sun's corona and solar wind up close for the first time.
Space Weather Forecasting: The prediction and forecast of space weather events, including geomagnetic storms, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections, and their potential impact on Earth.
Storms in Space: The adverse effects of space weather on spacecraft, including radiation damage and disruption of communication and navigation systems.
Radio Blackouts: The interruption of radio communication caused by space weather phenomena such as solar flares.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: The measures and policies designed to protect Earth's infrastructure, including power grids and satellite communication systems, from the effects of space weather events.
Solar flares: An explosion on the Sun's surface that releases a burst of energy and causes electromagnetic radiation and particles to be emitted towards Earth.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs): Large bubbles of plasma and magnetic field that are ejected from the Sun's corona and can impact the Earth's magnetic field, resulting in auroras or geomagnetic storms.
Solar wind: A stream of charged particles that flows from the Sun into space, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field and sometimes causing geomagnetic storms.
Solar energetic particles (SEPs): High-energy particles that are accelerated by solar flares and CMEs and can pose a radiation hazard to astronauts and satellites.
Geomagnetic storms: Disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field caused by solar wind or CMEs, which can cause power outages, satellite communication disruptions, and auroras.
Solar radiation storms: Intense bursts of radiation from the Sun that can damage satellites and pose a radiation hazard to astronauts.
Solar proton events: Explosions on the Sun that release a burst of high-energy protons, which can pose a radiation hazard to astronauts and airline passengers.
Ionospheric disturbances: Changes in the Earth's upper atmosphere caused by solar radiation and geomagnetic storms, which can disrupt radio communication and navigation.
Magnetospheric substorms: Sudden changes in the Earth's magnetic field that can cause auroras and affect satellite communication and navigation.
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation: High-energy radiation from the Sun that can cause skin cancer and damage the ozone layer.
Solar flares and CME impacts on space weather satellites: Large space objects designed to provide vital information about space weather that are susceptible to damage from solar flares and CMEs.
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth (troposphere and stratosphere)."
"The term 'space weather' was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s."
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth (troposphere and stratosphere)."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System."
"Space weather... emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere."
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth (troposphere and stratosphere)."
"Space weather is concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind."
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth (troposphere and stratosphere)."
"The term 'space weather' was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s. Later, it was generalized to a 'space climate' research discipline."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics..."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy..."
"...including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere."
"Later, it was generalized to a 'space climate' research discipline, which focuses on general behaviors of longer and larger-scale variabilities and effects."
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth."
"Space weather is concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System..."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with... including the solar wind..."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with... emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth..."
"Space weather is distinct from, but conceptually related to, the terrestrial weather of the atmosphere of Earth."
"Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with... the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere."