"The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona."
A stream of charged particles ejected from the Sun's corona that flows through the solar system.
"This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons, and alpha particles."
"The kinetic energy of the particles in the solar wind ranges between 0.5 and 10 keV."
"The composition of the solar wind plasma includes trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei of elements such as C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe."
"Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field."
"The solar wind varies in density, temperature, and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude."
"The particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona."
"The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface."
"At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun, the solar wind reaches speeds of 250-750 km/s and is supersonic."
"The flow of the solar wind is no longer supersonic at the termination shock."
"Other related phenomena include the aurora (northern and southern lights), the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun, and geomagnetic storms that can change the direction of magnetic field lines." (Note: The paragraph does not explicitly mention quotes for questions 5 and 11. However, the information is derived from the paragraph as a whole.)