- "Volcanism, vulcanism or volcanicity is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent."
The study of volcanic processes on planets and moons, and their effects on surface features and planetary evolution.
Plate Tectonics: The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of the Earth's lithosphere and how it is related to volcanic activity.
Types of Volcanoes: Different types of volcanoes exist, each with distinct characteristics related to their eruptions.
Magma and Lava: Magma forms beneath the Earth's surface, while lava is the term used to describe magma that has been erupted onto the surface.
Eruption Styles: Volcanoes have different eruption styles, ranging from explosive to effusive.
Volcano Monitoring: Monitoring volcanic activity is critical for predicting eruptions and mitigating their effects.
Volcanic Hazards: Volcanic eruptions can cause a range of hazards, including ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and volcanic gases.
Volcanic Products: Volcanic eruptions can leave behind a variety of products, including rocks, minerals, and gases.
Volcanic Landforms: Volcanic activity can create a range of landforms, including calderas, lava domes, and fissure vents.
Planetary Volcanism: Volcanic activity is not limited to Earth, and studying volcanic activity on other planets can help us better understand our own planet.
Mantle Plumes: Mantle plumes are thought to be responsible for some of the world's most large and long-lived volcanic systems.
Shield volcanoes: Shield volcanoes are broad, gently sloping volcanoes with shallow gradients. Their lava flows are very fluid and can cover long distances.
Cinder cones: Cinder cones are small, steep-sided volcanoes that are built from solid chunks of lava blasted into the air during a volcanic eruption.
Stratovolcanoes: Also known as composite volcanoes or simply "volcanoes," stratovolcanoes are tall, conical mountains that can rise several thousand feet above their surroundings.
Lava domes: Lava domes are bulbous, steep-sided mounds of lava that are often created when viscous lava accumulates in one spot over time.
Flood basalts: Flood basalts are massive outpourings of fluid, low-viscosity lava that can cover thousands of square miles and thicknesses of several thousand feet.
Calderas: Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions that form after explosive volcanic eruptions. They can measure tens of miles in diameter and can be surrounded by uplifted rims of volcanic rock.
Submarine volcanoes: Submarine or underwater volcanoes are volcanic vents located beneath the ocean's surface. They can form seamounts, flat-topped seafloor mountains that rise several thousand feet off the seafloor.
Supervolcanoes: Supervolcanoes are enormous volcanic eruptions that can eject hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometers of volcanic debris and ash into the air. They can cause global cooling and significant environmental changes for years to come.
- "onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent."
- "lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt"
- "a break in the surface called a vent"
- "phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body"
- "Magmas that reach the surface and solidify"
- "form extrusive landforms"
- "Volcanism, vulcanism or volcanicity is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent."
- "eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt"
- "phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust"
- "Volcanism, vulcanism or volcanicity"
- "where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent"
- "Magmas that reach the surface and solidify form extrusive landforms"
- "the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon"
- "molten rock (magma), lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases"
- "volcanic rocks"
- "eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt"
- "eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt"
- "where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent"
- "all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface."