"Robotic spacecraft or uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board."
Unmanned spacecraft designed to explore space and gather data on planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.
Early Space Exploration: A study of early space exploration efforts by various countries, including the United States, Russia, and China.
The Space Race: The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to explore space, including the first man in space and landing on the moon.
Missions to Planets and Moons: A study of space probes and missions that explored planets and moons in our solar system, such as Mars, Saturn, Neptune, and Pluto.
Spacecraft Technology: The technology used in space probes and how they operate in space, including power sources, communication, and navigation.
Launch Vehicles: A study of the different types of launch vehicles used to launch space probes into orbit, including rockets, space shuttles, and satellites.
Orbital Mechanics: The science behind space probe movements in orbit, including trajectories, gravity, and propulsion systems.
Space Communication: The various methods of communication used in space exploration, including radio and optical communications.
Sample Return Missions: A study of missions that have retrieved samples from other planets and moons, including the Apollo Moon Landings and the Stardust Mission.
Extraterrestrial Life: The search for life beyond Earth, including efforts to discover signs of life on other planets and moons.
Prospects for Future Space Exploration: A study of potential future missions, such as manned missions to Mars, space tourism, and asteroid mining.
Flyby Probe: A flyby probe is able to visit a celestial body in space by flying closely past it without entering into orbit. It collects data and images and sends them back to Earth.
Orbiter Probe: An orbiter probe orbits around a celestial body in space to study its surface, atmosphere, and other characteristics.
Lander Probe: A lander probe is designed to touch down on the surface of a planet or moon to study its composition, atmosphere, and any other pertinent factors.
Penetrator Probe: A penetrator probe is designed to impact the surface of a celestial body and penetrate the ground to gather data about subsurface materials.
Rover Probe: A rover probe is a mobile robot that travels on the surface of a celestial body to gather data, take images and samples, and perform experiments.
Sample Return Probe: A sample return probe is designed to collect samples of a celestial body's materials, store them, and return them to Earth.
Comet/ Asteroid Probe: A comet/ asteroid probe is designed specifically to study comets or asteroids, their composition, orbit, and any other characteristics.
Interplanetary Probe: An interplanetary probe is designed to travel between two or more celestial bodies in the solar system.
Observatory Probe: An observatory probe is designed to capture images and data from distant points in the universe, including stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies.
Space Weather Probe: A space weather probe monitors and predicts solar activity and its impact on Earth, including solar winds, flares, and other phenomena.
Specialized Science Mission Probe: Specialized science mission probes are designed to complete specific scientific missions, such as measuring gravitation or studying atmospheric conditions.
Deep Space Communication Probe: A deep space communication probe is used to send communications between Earth and spacecraft that are beyond the range of our planet's surface-based communications systems.
Magnetospheric Probe: A magnetospheric probe is designed to study the magnetosphere of a celestial body, including its interactions with the solar wind and other space weather phenomena.
Robotic Arm Probe: A robotic arm probe is equipped with a robotic arm to perform tasks such as collecting samples, placing instruments, and cutting rock samples.
Planetary Defense Probe: The Planetary Defense probe is designed to prevent any deadly asteroid collision with the earth by deflection, pulverization or any other methods.
"Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input; they may be remote controlled, remote guided or autonomous."
"A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or space observatory."
"Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and risk factors."
"Some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology."
"Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them."
"Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized."
"Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms."
"The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik, launched October 4, 1957, to orbit the Earth."
"Not every uncrewed spacecraft is a robotic spacecraft; for example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft."
"Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are called uncrewed missions."
"Many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features. For example, the space stations Salyut 7 and Mir, and the International Space Station module Zarya were capable of remote guided station-keeping and docking maneuvers."
"Uncrewed resupply spacecraft are increasingly used for crewed space stations."
"Robotic spacecraft or uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board."
"They may be remote controlled, remote guided or autonomous."
"Telerobotic probes are the only way to explore outer planets that are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology."
"Some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival due to current technology limitations."
"Telerobotics allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized."
"For example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft."
"The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik, launched October 4, 1957, to orbit the Earth."